Power Point Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell THE

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings 表 8. 1

Alcohol • 狂飲的定義與大專生 • 男性連續喝 5 杯 • 女性連喝四杯 • 美國每年估計有50名學生死於酒精中毒 Copyright © 2004

Alcohol • College Student’s Patterns of Alcohol Use, 2001 • 19 percent 戒酒者 • Why might college students be vulnerable to alcohol abuse? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alcohol • Trends in Consumption • Alcohol use is declining • Per capita consumption in 1977 was 2. 64 gallons of pure alcohol • Per capital consumption in 1998 was 2. 19 gallons of pure alcohol • Reasons may include attention to weight and health • What, if any, trends in consumption have you noticed? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alcohol • 酒的化學成分 (使人酒醉的成分) • 乙基酒精(ethyl alcohol)或乙醇(ethanol) • 其製造過程稱為發酵 (fermentation process) - Produces beer or wine • 蒸餾 (distillation) – 而後蒸氣凝且與水結合而製成最後的產物 • 強度標準 (proof) – 測量飲料中酒精的百分比 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings 表 8. 2

Alcohol • 飲酒的毒害 • 酒精中毒死亡 • Two ways this happens 1) 中樞神經系統及呼吸受到抑制或 2) 吸入嘔吐物或流入肺部

Alcohol • 女性與飲酒 • Body fat more than lean tissue • Alcohol does not diffuse rapidly in body fat • 女性只有一半的酒精去經酶 (enzyme) • 體內酒量測定器及尿液分析 • 兩者皆是測量 Blood Alcohol Concentration Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol • 立即的影響 • 降低在突觸接合的神經傳導以及衝動的頻率 • 脫水 • 水分從腦脊隨液流失 • 酒精會刺激腸胃系統 • 宿醉 (Hangovers) • 酒精同類物 (Congeners) – 比乙醇代謝僈且更毒 • 酒精與藥物的交互作用 (p-8 -9) • What are some symptoms experienced by someone with a hangover? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol • 長期的影響 • 神經系統的影響 Nervous system • 心臟血管的影響 Cardiovascular system • 肝臟疾病 Liver disease • 肝硬化 Cirrhosis • 酒精性肝癌 Alcoholic hepatitis • 癌 Cancer • 對胃腸造成的影響 Irritant to gastrointestinal system • 慢性胰臟癌 Chronic inflammation of pancreas Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol • 酒精與懷孕 • 影響中樞神經 (腦部) • 精神障礙 • 胎兒酒精症候群 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • 每 1000名新生兒就有一至二位 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol • Alcohol and Pregnancy (continued) • FAS behaviors include: • Difficulty in structuring time • 學習障礙 Impaired learning • 記憶不好 Poor memory • 不正常的行為 Impulsive behaviors • Troubled behaviors • 胎兒酒精影響 Fetal Alcohol Effects (less severe) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol • 飲酒與開車 • 40% 的交通事故與酒精有關 • 大專學生喝酒且開車 • 酒精濃度的標準 0. 08, some 0. 10 • At BAC 0. 10, ten times more likely to be in an accident Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism • Identifying a Problem Drinker • Abuse interferes with: • Work • Life • Family • Addiction defined by: • Tolerance • Psychological dependence • Withdrawal Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

酒精中毒的原因 • Causes • 生理及家庭因素 • 第一類酗酒者 • 第二類酗酒者 • 社會及文化的因素 Copyright © 2004

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism • 酒精中毒對家庭的影響 • 1 in 4 children live in an alcoholic situation • 影響正常家庭的功能 • 小孩的角色: • 家庭英雄 Family hero • 代罪羔羊 Scapegoat • 迷失的小孩 Lost child • 小丑 Mascot • Do you know someone who fits the description of these roles? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism • 社會成本 • 交通事故 • 健康保險 Health insurance • 犯罪成本 Criminal justice • 治療的花費 Treatment costs • 失去生產力 Lost productivity • 飲酒方面的相關花費大約 $184. 6 億 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism • What are some risk factors among college women? • Despite the growing problem only 14% receive treatment • Why do you think the percentage is so low? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

復原 Recovery • 家庭的角色 • 介入 • Express love and concern • 治療計劃 •

Recovery • Treatment Programs (continued) • Community mental health facilities • Support groups (AA or Women for Sobriety) • 復發 Relapse • 在治療頭三個月復發的機率是 60% • Many say they are recovering their whole life Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Annual Deaths Attributable to Smoking in the United States Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education,

Our Smoking Society • Financial Costs to Society • $150 billion in annual health related economic losses • $75. 5 billion in medical expenditures • College Students Are Smoking More • Estimated 60% have tried tobacco products • Does tobacco appear to be a big problem on your campus? • What efforts are made to decrease smoking? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 4

Tobacco and Its Effects • 吸煙及其影響 • 丁香菸 • 雪茄 • 無菸香菸 • 香菸過濾器

Tobacco and Its Effects • 香菸對健康的危害 • 癌症 Cancers • 肺癌 (85 -90%) associated

Tobacco and Its Effects • Health Hazards of Smoking (continued) • 心臟血管疾病 Cardiovascular Disease • Smokers have 70% higher death rate • 中風 • Smokers are 2 times more likely to suffer Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

吸煙對肺臟的影響 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.

Health Hazards of Smoking • 呼吸系統障礙 • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema • 性生活 • Males are 2 times more likely to suffer impotence • 其他對健康的影響 • Gum disease • More likely to need medications • Metabolism of drugs is affected Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) • Risks from ETS • Mainstream • Sidestream – more carcinogens • ETS is responsible for deaths • Sidestream smoke causes more deaths a year than any other environmental pollutant • Children exposed • Have you seen any anti-smoking public service announcements you thought were powerful? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) • 香菸及政策 (p-8 -33) • 警告吸煙有害 40 years ago •

Quitting • 阻斷尼古丁成癮性 • 1/3 attempt to quit a year • 90% fail • Many programs exist to help with quitting • Nicotine withdrawal is experienced • 尼古丁取代物 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quitting • Other Means of Breaking the Habit • Aversion therapy • Operant strategies • Self-control • 戒煙的好處 • According to the American Cancer Society many tissues will repair themselves (p 8 -35) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

當吸煙者戒煙 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 8.

Caffeine • 影響 • 非本意的肌肉收縮 • 增加心肌收縮 • 暈眩 • 反胃 • 消化不良 Copyright

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 8. 5

Caffeine • Caffeine Addiction • Drink more when coming down • Caffeinism – jitters, muscle twitch • Withdrawing may produce headaches • No long-term damage is seen with moderate use in nonpregnant women • Have you noticed any of the signs of caffeine addiction in yourself or friends? Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings