Power Point Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr Lana
Power. Point® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY 8 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine: Daily Pleasures, Daily Challenges Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol § Overview • 65% of Americans consume alcohol • 10% are heavy drinkers § Alcohol and college students • 70% of college students consumed alcohol in the last year • 1/2 are classified as heavy drinkers • Many students have a misperception about “normal drinking” behavior, and believe their peers drink more than they actually do. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Binge Drinking and College Students § Binge drinking • On one single occasion: • 5 drinks in a row for a man • 4 drinks in a row for a woman • 1, 700 students die annually due to preventable alcohol related injuries Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Binge Drinking § Dangerous to yourself and others • Consuming a large quantity of alcohol in a short period of time increases the risk of unconsciousness, alcohol poisoning, and death • Linked to campus crime, including rape and assault • Many colleges and universities trying to address the problem • Implementing policies against drinking • Offering more programs to help students with alcohol problems Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Chemical Make-Up of Alcohol § Ethyl alcohol or ethanol § Fermentation process • Yeast organisms break down sugar § Distillation • Alcohol vapors are released from the mash at high temperatures § Proof • Measure of the percent alcohol • 80 proof whiskey = 40% alcohol Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcoholic Beverages and Their Alcohol Equivalencies Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 8. 1
Alcohol: Absorption and Metabolism § Absorption and metabolism • Absorption in stomach 20% • Absorption in small intestine 80% • Factors that influence absorption • Concentration of the drink • Amount consumed • Food in the stomach • Mood • Pylorospasm (spasm of valve) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol Absorption § Wine and beer • Absorbed more slowly than distilled beverages § Carbonated alcoholic beverages (champagne and sparkling wines) • Absorbed more quickly than non-carbonated § Carbonated beverages (soda and seltzer) and drinks with mixers • Relax the pyloric valve and empty stomach contents into intestines • Increases rate of alcohol absorption § The more alcohol you consume, the longer absorption takes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
ABC News: Alcohol Play Video | Alcohol § Discussion Questions • How did each of the three men differ when considering body size, past alcohol drinking patterns, food intake on the day of the competition and during the drinking bout, performance on the roadside sobriety test, and eventual blood alcohol content? • What was each man’s perception or judgment of how drunk he was at the end of the drinking competition? • Discuss situations when you have been drinking and thought that you were in control but may have had a high blood alcohol content. Can you safely trust your own judgment? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Blood Alcohol Levels § Breathalyzers and urinalysis • Both measure a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) • Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol § Alcohol and injuries • 13% of ER visits by undergrads are for alcohol-related injuries • Patients with a BAC >0. 08 are 3. 2 times more likely to have a violent injury than an unintentional injury • Most people admitted to ER are men 21 and over, most as a result of accidents or fights in which alcohol was a factor Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol § Alcohol poisoning • Consuming large amounts of alcohol in short period of time can be lethal • Alcohol alone or mixed with another drug responsible for more deaths due to toxic overdose than any other substance • Death caused by either central nervous system and respiratory depression or by inhalation of vomit or fluid into the lungs • Signs include inibility to be roused, weak and rapid pulse, unusual breathing pattern, and cool, damp, pale or bluish skin • If wait to call for help until person is unconscious, risk of death increases tenfold Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol § Decision making skills impaired • Alcohol lowers inhibitions, impairing ability to make wise decisions regarding sexual activity • 70% of college students admit to having engaged in sexual activity primarily as a result of being under influence of alcohol • Less likely to use safer sex practices • Risk of contracting STI or unplanned pregnancy increases among those who drink heavily Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Alcohol § Alcohol affects men and women differently • Women have less body fat • Women have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase – enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach • More vulnerable to impairment due to alcohol consumption • Hormonal differences and use of oral contraceptives likely to contribute to longer periods of initoxication Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol § Immediate effects of alcohol • Reduces frequency of nerve transmissions • Dehydration • Water is lost from cerebrospinal fluid • Alcohol irritates the gastrointestinal system • Hangovers • Congeners – forms of alcohol metabolized more slowly • Be informed of drug and alcohol interactions § What are some symptoms experienced by someone with a hangover? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol § Long-term effects of alcohol • Effects on the Nervous System • Cardiovascular Effects • Liver disease • Cirrhosis • Alcoholic hepatitis • Cancer • Chronic inflammation of pancreas • Impairs ability to recognize and fight bacteria and viruses Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
A normal liver and a liver with cirrhosis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol and Pregnancy § Risks • Alcohol can harm fetal development • Even a single exposure to high levels can cause damage • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • Mental retardation, small head, tremors, and abnormalities of face, limbs, heart, and brain • FAS is the 3 rd most common birth defect in the United States Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol and Pregnancy § FAS behaviors include • Impaired learning • Poor memory • Impulsive behaviors • Reduced attention span • Poor problem solving • Some have Fetal Alcohol Effects (less severe) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Drinking and Driving § Facts • 39% of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related • Many college students drink and drive • In 2005, 16, 885 alcohol related fatalities (ARTFs) • One ARTF every 30 minutes • At BAC 0. 10, ten times more likely to be in an accident • Current limit for BAC in all 50 states: 0. 08% Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Percentage of Fatally Injured Passenger Vehicle Drivers with BACs >. 08 Percent, by Driver Age Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 8. 2
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism § Identifying a problem drinker • Abuse interferes with • Work • School • Social/family relationships • Alcoholism = alcohol dependency • Tolerance • Psychological dependence • Withdrawal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism § Causes • Biological and family factors • Social and cultural factors • Family attitudes • Weakening of family links • Combination of heredity and environment Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism § Effects of alcoholism on the family • 1 in 4 children live in an alcoholic situation • Dysfunctional families • Family rules: “Don’t talk, don’t trust, don’t feel. ” • Children often assume at least one of the following roles: • Family hero • Scapegoat • Lost child • Mascot § Do you know someone who fits the description of one of these roles? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism § Costs to society • Estimated alcohol directly or indirectly responsible for over 25% of U. S. medical expenses and lost earnings • Cost of underage drinking estimated at $61. 9 billion annually • Includes crashes, violent crime, FAS, high-risk sex, poisoning, psychosis, treatment for alcohol dependence Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism § Women and Alcoholism • Female alcoholics approaching the rate of male alcoholics • Women get addicted faster • Risk factors include: • Family history • Pressure to drink from peers • Depression • Stress • Despite the growing problem only 10% receive treatment Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism § Ethnic or racial differences • Different minority groups have own problems related to alcohol consumption and abuse • Alcohol most widely used drug among Native American populations • Rate of alcoholism two or three times higher than national average, death rate eight times higher than national average • Generally African Americans drink less than white Americans, but more likely to be heavy drinkers • Latino men have higher-than-average rates of alcohol abuse and alcohol-related health problems • Asian Americans have low rate of alcoholism, but many have defect in the gene that manufacturs alcohol dehydrogenase, leading to unpleasant side-effects when drinking Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Recovery § The family’s role • Intervention – planned confrontation • Express love and concern § Treatment programs • Psychologist and psychiatrists specializing in treatment • Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) • Private treatment centers • Family, individual and group therapy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Recovery § Relapse • 60% rate of relapse in first 3 months • Many say they are recovering their whole life • To be effective, must work on self esteem and personal growth Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Smoking in the United States § Smoking facts • Single most preventable cause of death • 438, 000 Americans die a year • 50 times that of illegal drug deaths • Teen smokers = 27. 5% § Advertising • Spends $18 million per day • Children and teens constitute 90% of new smokers • Women, minorities and college students new targets Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
ABC News: Tobacco Play Video | Tobacco § Discussion Questions • Why do you think that the federal government heavily regulates nicotine replacement products but not the delivery of cigarettes? • Why does Phillip Morris want to have the federal government regulate their tobacco products? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Annual Deaths Attributable to Smoking in the United States Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 8. 3
Smoking in the United States § Financial costs to society • $167 billion in annual health related economic losses • $75. 5 billion in medical expenditures § College students are smoking less • Estimated 18% reported having smoked in the past 30 days (2005) § Does tobacco appear to be a big problem on your campus? § What efforts are made to decrease smoking? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Tobacco and Its Effects § Physiological effects of nicotine • Nicotine is the main addictive substance in tobacco • Stimulates CNS • Stimulates adrenal glands • Increases production of adrenaline • Increases heart rate • Increases respiratory rate • Constricts vessels • Increases blood pressure Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Tobacco and Its Effects § All tobacco products are harmful • Cigarettes • Clove cigarettes • Cigars • Pipes • Bidis (hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes) • Spit (smokeless) tobacco • Chewing tobacco • Dipping • Snuff Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Health Hazards of Smoking § Cancers • Lung 85 -90% associated with smoking • Pancreatic • Lip • Esophagus • Tongue § Cardiovascular disease • Smokers have 70% higher death rate § Stroke • Smokers are 2 times more likely to suffer Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Health Hazards of Smoking § Respiratory disorders • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema § Sexual dysfunction • Males are twice as likely to suffer impotence § Other problems • Gum disease • More likely to need medications • Metabolism of drugs is affected Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
How Cigarette Smoking Damages the Lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 8. 4
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) § Risks from ETS • Mainstream • Sidestream smoke causes more deaths a year than any other environmental pollutant • Children exposed § Have you seen any anti-smoking public service announcements you thought were powerful? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Tobacco Use and Prevention Politics § Over 40 years since the government recognized the hazard § 46 states have sued § States have imposed extra taxes § Tobacco control initiatives are increasing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Quitting § Breaking the nicotine addiction • 70% attempt to quit a year • Fewer than 5% succeed • Many programs exist to help with quitting • Nicotine withdrawal is experienced § Nicotine replacement products • Nicotine chewing gum • Nicotine patch • Nicotine nasal spray • Nicotine inhaler Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Quitting § Other means of breaking the habit • Aversion therapy • Operant strategies • Self-control § Benefits of quitting • According to the American Cancer Society many tissues will repair themselves Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
When Smokers Quit Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 8. 5
Caffeine § Caffeine facts • A drug derived from xanthines • Mild stimulant to CNS • Increases heart rate • Increases oxygen consumption • Increases urinary output • Increases wakefulness Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Caffeine § Side effects • Insomnia • Irregular heartbeat • Dizziness • Nausea • Indigestion • Mild delirium • Involuntary muscle twitches Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Caffeine Addiction § Drink more when coming down § Caffeinism • Jitters, muscle twitch § Withdrawing • May produce headaches § No long-term damage is seen with moderate use in non-pregnant women § Have you noticed any of the signs of caffeine addiction in yourself or friends? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Possible Health Concerns of Caffeine Use § Links to • Heart disease • Cancer • Mental dysfunction • Birth defects § No evidence that caffeine causes long-term high blood pressure or strokes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
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