Power Plants Types of Power Plants 1 The

Power Plants Types of Power Plants 1. The engine, motor, and related parts a. Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object b. Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input 2. Electricity generating station a. Typically what is referred to by “power plant” b. Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants Why Study Power Plants? 1. Insight into the fundamental operation of most engineered technologies 2. Application of scientific and mathematical principles in real-world problem-solving situations IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Terminology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace Thermodynamics – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion 1) Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons 2) Mills – grinding 3) Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill 4) al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. technologies after wheel 5) 1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines and Uses 1. External Combustion (EC) Engines: • Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations 2. Internal Combustion (IC) Engines: 1) Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes 2) Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts 3) Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery 3. Gas Turbine Engines: • Power plants and airplanes IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines Reciprocating Engines: • Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately • Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines. • A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion. IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine a. Steam 1) Molecules of gases are further apart than molecules in liquids and solids 2) Vaporized water (steam) takes up more space than liquid water IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (continued) b. History 1) 75 C. E. Hero of Alexandria – mathematician Presented plans for simple steam engine 2) 1679 Denis Papin of France – pressure cooker 3) 1698 Thomas Savery, English military engineer – Miner’s Friend pumped water out of coal mines 4) 1712 Newcomen Engine, improved Savery’s design IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont. ) b. History (cont. ) 5) 1765 James Watt (Scotland) – mathematician, inventor, instrument maker, engineer Modern steam engine credited to Watt 6) 1804 Arthur Woolf (England) – compound steam engine Increases the efficiency of the engine by reusing the steam in additional cylinders. IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) c. Steam Locomotive 1) 1770 s – tracks laid for horses to pull carts 2) 1804 – steam-powered engine 3) 1820 s – “Father of Railways” George Stephenson – civil and mechanical engineer Builds first public railway lines d. Harnessing steam power made the Industrial Revolution possible 3 -6 IOT POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) d. Operation – PISTON 1) 2) 3) 4) High pressure steam enters HP steam pushes piston Valve rod shifts HP steam pushes piston in reverse direction 5) Original steam, now cooled, exits through exhaust: Choo-choo-choo IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) d. Operation – PISTON Steam Exhaust Coal Exhaust IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) d. Operation – BOILER 1) Coal burned in furnace 2) Hot gasses boil water 3) Steam moves to cylinder, gases exhaust through smokestack Fire-tube Boiler (past) Water-tube Boiler (modern) IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) d. Operation – COMPOUND STEAM ENGINE 1) Engineers’ objective is to harness as much of the energy in the burning fuel as possible. 2) Compound steam engine reuses exhaust steam/fuel as much as possible (3 times below). IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING

Power Plants – Engines Types of Engines – E. C. E. 1. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… IOT 3 -6 POLY ENGINEERING