Power Electronics Lecture7 Unijunction Transistor Programmable Unijunction Transistor
Power Electronics Lecture-7 Unijunction Transistor & Programmable Unijunction Transistor Dr. Imtiaz Hussain Assistant Professor email: imtiaz. hussain@faculty. muet. edu. pk URL : http: //imtiazhussainkalwar. weebly. com/ 1
Unijunction Transistor (UJT) • UJT is another solid state three terminal device that can be used in gate pulse, timing circuits and trigger generator applications to switch and control thyristors and triacs for AC power control applications. 2
Unijunction Transistor (UJT) • Equivalent Circuit: UJT’s have unidirectional conductivity and negative impedance characteristics acting more like a variable voltage divider during breakdown 3
Unijunction Transistor (UJT) • As the physical position of the p-n junction is closer to terminal B 2 than B 1 the resistive value of RB 2 will be less than RB 1. • These two series resistances produce a voltage divider network between the two base terminals of the Unijunction transistor • Since this channel stretches from B 2 to B 1, when a voltage is applied across the device, the potential at any point along the channel will be in proportion to its position between terminals B 2 and B 1. • The level of the voltage gradient therefore depends upon the amount of supply voltage. 4
Unijunction Transistor (UJT) • When used in a circuit, terminal B 1 is connected to ground and the Emitter serves as the input to the device. • Suppose a voltage VBB is applied across the UJT between B 2 and B 1 so that B 2 is biased positive relative to B 1. • With zero Emitter input applied, the voltage developed across RB 1 (the lower resistance) of the resistive voltage divider can be calculated as: 5
Unijunction Transistor (UJT) • For a Unijunction transistor, the resistive ratio of RB 1 to RBB is called the intrinsic stand-off ratio (η). • Typical standard values of η range from 0. 5 to 0. 8 for most common UJT’s. 6
Unijunction Transistor (UJT) • If a small positive input voltage (less than the voltage developed across resistance RB 1 is now applied to the Emitter input terminal, the diode p-n junction is reverse biased, thus offering a very high impedance and the device does not conduct. • The UJT is switched “OFF” and zero current flows. • However, when the Emitter input voltage is increased and becomes greater than VRB 1 (or ηVBB + 0. 7 V, where 0. 7 V equals the p-n junction diode volt drop) the p-n junction becomes forward biased and the Unijunction transistor begins to conduct. • The result is that Emitter current, ηIE now flows from the Emitter into the Base region. 7
UJT Characteristics 8
UJT Characteristics 9
Example-1 • The intrinsic stand-off ratio for a UJT is determined to be 0. 6. If the inter-base resistance (RBB) is 10 kΩ what are the values of RB 1 and RB 2? Solution • Intrinsic stand-off ratio for a UJT is given as 10
Example-1 • Inter-base resistance (RBB) is 10 kΩ 11
Example-2 • A UJT has 10 V between the bases. If the intrinsic stand off ratio is 0. 65, find the value of stand off voltage. What will be the peak point voltage if the forward voltage drop in the pn junction is. 7 V? Solution • Stand off voltage (VRB 1) is given as 12
Example-2 Solution • Peak point Voltage (VP) is given as 13
Exercise-1 • 14
UJT Applications • The most common application of a Unijunction transistor is as a triggering device for SCR’s and Triacs • Other UJT applications include sawtoothed generators, simple oscillators, phase control, and timing circuits. • The simplest of all UJT circuits is the Relaxation Oscillator producing non-sinusoidal waveforms. 15
UJT Relaxation Oscillator • In a basic and typical UJT relaxation oscillator circuit, the Emitter terminal of the Unijunction transistor is connected to the junction of a series connected resistor and capacitor. 16
UJT Relaxation Oscillator 17
UJT Relaxation Oscillator • Discharge of the capacitor occurs when VC =Vp. • Note: VD is ignored in above equation 18
Example-3 • The data sheet for a 2 N 2646 Unijunction Transistor gives the intrinsic stand-off ratio η as 0. 65. If a 100 n. F capacitor is used to generate the timing pulses, calculate the timing resistor required to produce an oscillation frequency of 100 Hz. 19
Example-3 • The timing period is given as: • The value of the timing resistor, R 3 is calculated as: 20
UJT Motor Speed Control Circuit 21
Example-4 • 22
Example-4 • 23
Example-4 • 24
Example-4 • 25
Line-Synchronized UJT Trigger Circuit for SCR 26
Line-Synchronized UJT Trigger Circuit for SCR 27
Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT) • It is called a UJT just because its characteristics and parameters have much similarity to that of the unijunction transistor. • It is called programmable because the parameters like intrinsic standoff ratio (η), peak voltage(Vp) etc can be programmed with the help of two external resistors. 28
PUT Characteristics • PUT characteristics is essentially a plot between the anode voltage Va and anode current Ia of the PUT. • Typically the anode of the PUT is connected to a positive voltage and the cathode is connected to the ground. • The gate is connected to the junction of the two external resistor R 1 and R 2 which forms a voltage divider network. • It is the value of these two resistors that determines the intrinsic standoff ratio(η) and peak voltage (Vp) of the PUT. 29
PUT Characteristics • When the anode to cathode voltage (Va)is increased the anode current will also ncrease and the junction behaves like a typical PN junction. • But the Va cannot be increased beyond a particular point. At this point sufficient number of charges are injected and the junction starts to saturate. Beyond this point the anode current (Ia) increases and the anode voltage (Va) decreases. 30
PUT Characteristics • Beyond this point the anode current (Ia) increases and the anode voltage (Va) decreases. This is equal to a negative resistance scenario and this negative resistance region in the PUT characteristic is used in relaxation oscillators. When the anode voltage (Va) is reduced to a particular level called “Valley Point”, the device becomes fully saturated and no more decrease in Va is possible. There after the device behaves like a fully saturated P-N junction. 31
PUT Characteristics • Intrinsic standoff ratio ( η) : Intrinsic standoff ratio of a PUT is the ratio of the external resistor R 1 to the sum of R 1 and R 2. • It helps us to predict how much voltage will be dropped across the gate and cathode for a given Vbb. • The intrinsic standoff ratio can be expressed using the equation: 32
PUT Characteristics • Peak voltage (Vp): It is the anode to cathode voltage after which the PUT jumps into the negative resistance region. • The peak voltage Vp will be usually one diode drop (0. 7 V) plus the gate to cathode voltage (Vg). • Peak voltage can be expressed using the equation: 33
PUT Relaxation Oscillator • Resistors R 1 and R 2 set the peak voltage (Vp) and intrinsic standoff ratio (η) of the PUT. • Resistor Rk limits cathode current of the PUT. • Resistor R and capacitor C sets the frequency of the oscillator. 34
PUT Relaxation Oscillator • When the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the peak voltage (Vp) the PUT goes into negative resistance mode and this creates a low resistance path from anode(A) to cathode(K). • When the voltage across the capacitor is below valley point voltage (Vv) the PUT reverts to its initial condition. • The capacitor starts to charge again and the cycle is repeated. This series of charging and discharging results in a sawtooth waveform across the capacitor as shown in the figure below. 35
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