PostWorld War II Foreign Policy Ch 16 The

Post-World War II Foreign Policy Ch. 16

The Yalta Conference ¢ Free elections in Poland, Bulgaria, & Romania l …. . or not l Eastern European countries become “satellite states” controlled by the Soviet Union Division of Korea at 38 th Parallel ¢ Communist North & Non-communist South ¢

The Big Three at Yalta

Potsdam Conference ¢ ¢ ¢ A different Big Three? (Stalin, Truman, Atlee) Germany divided into four zones: French, British, USSR – goal was to eventually reunify Germany Truman felt the US/USSR alliance was failing

The Big Three at Potsdam

Balance of Power ¢ From several Great Powers l Britain, ¢ France, Germany, Russia, etc. To two Superpowers l United States v. Soviet Union l US- wealthy, powerful military, confident l USSR- Red Army controlled Eastern Europe (largest military force)

United Nations Goals? Succeed where League of Nations failed ¢ Universal Declaration of Human Rights ¢ Structure of UN ¢ l Security Council • 15 members – 10 rotate, 5 permanent • 5 permanent members (US, USSR, Britain, France, China) l General Assembly

The Cold War

What was the Cold War, really? Is it called that because the Soviet Union is cold? ¢ NO. ¢ It really was…. ¢ l. A competition for global power and influence between the United States (and its allies) and the Soviet Union (and its allies) The Cold War never resulted in direct military conflict between the US and the USSR ¢ Instead, they competed by supporting other countries economically or militarily ¢

Why did it happen? ¢ Paranoia, fear, and mistrust at the end of World War II

Europe ¢ US goals: l Free elections l Democratic governments l Capitalist economies l Strong unified Germany ¢ Soviet goals: l. A buffer against attack from the US • “Communist bloc” • “satellite states” l Weak, divided Germany

Divisions in Europe ¢ ¢ East & West “Iron Curtain” Speech l Winston Churchill “From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the Continent…”

US Containment Policies – Truman ¢ The Marshall Plan l ¢ The Truman Doctrine l ¢ ¢ ¢ Give $$ to any country to help them resist communist rebellions in their own nation Berlin Airlift Sends aid and advisors to China to support Nationalists during Chinese Civil War Founding of NATO l l ¢ Give $$ to European countries to help rebuild their economies North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance that promised protection against aggression Intervention (with the UN) in the Korean War

Nations that received Marshall Plan aid.

Containment ¢ What is containment? l l ¢ Containment policy was anything the US government did to prevent the spread of communism including: l l l ¢ Preventing the spread of communism George Kennan’s idea Economic aid Military action Diplomatic negotiation Much of US foreign policy from 1946 -1991 had containment as its goal

George Kennan, creator of containment portrayed as chess master. (Smithsonian Institution)

A divided Berlin. A divided Germany. A divided Europe. A divided world.

Berlin Airlift Stalin wanted to capture West Berlin ¢ Stopped all highway, railway, and waterway traffic into West Berlin ¢ Without supplies they would fall to the communists ¢ US and Britain supplied West Berlin through the air ¢ l ¢ Toys, food, clothing, medicine Showed US would go to extreme to protect noncommunist areas

Berlin Blockade/Airlift June 27, 1948 to May 12, 1949

NATO (BLUE) Warsaw Pact (Red)

Chinese Civil War (1946 -1949)

Chinese Civil War ¢ ¢ Nationalists led by Jiang Jeishi (US support) Communists led by Mao Zedong (Soviet support)

Chinese Civil War Mao’s forces dominated the war ¢ US refused to send in troops ¢ Jiang fled and took control of Taiwan ¢ Mao renamed China People’s Republic of China ¢

The Korean War 1950– 1953 North Korean tanks cross the 38 th parallel

The Korean War North Korea invades South Korea ¢ UN forces drive North Korea back to the Yalu River ¢ China enters the war and drives UN forces down past the 38 th Parallel ¢ l The Frozen Chosin Truman v. Mac. Arthur ¢ Peace talks drag on… ¢ l And on… l And help lead to an Eisenhower victory in 1952 election

“We’ve been using more of a roundish one. ”

Containment Policy Eisenhower ¢ ¢ Korean War - Threatens nuclear attacks on China & North Korea Eisenhower Doctrine l ¢ Arms buildup- US and Soviet nuclear warheads l ¢ ¢ US threaten devastation, go to the brink of war Send $$ and advisors to support dictator in South Vietnam Creation of the CIA l l ¢ MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction Brinkmanship l ¢ The US will use military force to support nations who are resisting communist rebellions or communist aggression Iran Guatemala Send $$ and advisors to support dictator Batista in Cuba

The Soviets get the H-bomb - The mushroom cloud from the first "true" Soviet hydrogen bomb test in 1955.

You. Tube Atomic Bomb Footage ¢ You. Tube Bikini Atoll Footage ¢

War Crimes Trials ¢ Nuremburg Trials l against key leaders of Nazi Germany l Hanged, long prison terms ¢ Tokyo Trials