POPULATION URBANIZATION Chapter 16 DEMOGRAPHY Chapter 16 Section

POPULATION & URBANIZATION Chapter 16

DEMOGRAPHY Chapter 16: Section: 1

DEMOGRAPHY The scientific study of population Why do people study populations? § It affects the social structure, especially in crowded areas § Look for patterns in order to predict behavior § Plan ahead for the future based on population shifts

POPULATION Group of people living in a specific geographic place at a specific time Factors of population: § § Number of people (size) Distribution (where & how are they located) Composition (groups) Ages in population (age structure)

THREE POPULATION PROCESSES Changes in population occur due to: § Fertility (births) § Mortality (deaths) § Migration

FERTILITY (BIRTHS) Number of children born each year Measured by crude birthrate: (approximate) number of live births per 1, 000 people Fertility rate: births per 1, 000 women age 15 -44 Total fertility rate: avg. kids born in a woman’s life Fecundity: highest number of kids a woman can have in a lifetime (~15)

FERTILITY

BIRTHRATE

MORTALITY (DEATHS) Life Span: longest age humans can survive Life Expectancy: average a person of a certain population can expect to live to Measured by crude death rate: approximate number of deaths per 1, 000 members § Infant mortality rate: deaths of children under the age of 1 § Important because children are first to suffer from poor health conditions

GLOBAL LIFE EXPECTANCY

INFANT MORTALITY DEATH RATES

WHY ARE FERTILITY & MORTALITY RATES IMPORTANT FOR SOCIOLOGY? Gives general idea of the health of a population § Availability of food & health care § Distribution of disease Easily illustrates certain social factors § § Age at marriage Economic development Education status Attitudes towards reproduction and contraception

MIGRATION Movement of people from one area to another Emigrate: to LEAVE a country/place Immigrate : to COME TO a country/place You emigrate FROM one country and immigrate TO another country. Net migration: people entering – people leaving § Net migration for Bahrain: +22, 081 (2012)

What are reasons people immigrate to new, and often times, strange locations? What effect does migration have on the receiving nation? What are the benefits and side effects of a: § Closed immigration policy § Open immigration policy

HOMEWORK: MINI CENSUS Answer the following questions: § § § 1. How many people are in your family? 2. What are their ages? 3. Who in your family is employed? 4. What types of jobs do they do? 5. How long has your family lived in the home that they do now? 6. If your family has lived somewhere else in the past ten years, where did you live?

JOURNAL If the population goes unchecked (continues to grow), what problems would societies, and the world, face? (8 sentences)

WORLD POPULATION Chapter 16: Section 2

POPULATION GROWTH Current population: 7. 2 billion people Year AD 1: ~250 million people § AD 1650: 500 million (doubled) § AD 1800: 1 billion § AD 1930: 2 billion Doubling time: time needed for a population to double; typically takes fewer years to double as the population gets bigger http: //www. worldometers. info/world-population/

GLOBAL POPULATION CHANGE

REASONS FOR GROWTH More population to increase the population Better nutrition and access to food Better medical care More education Engineered plants, animals, and buildings to withstand natural events

PROBLEMS WITH GROWTH Thomas Malthus (1798): § Population will outpace food supply § Poor have larger families and any additional income would incur more births Overcame assumption with ability to grow more food (utilizing scientific discoveries and changing previous habits

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION MODEL 2

POPULATION GROWTH RATES

CONTROLLING THE POPULATION Government decisions to halt population increase in their countries How? § Family planning services (birth control, education) § Sterilization programs § Disincentives (being punished or not receiving rights/privileges for not following rules) § Fines

CHINA’S ONE CHILD POLICY Rural families allowed to have 2 children if first is a female or disabled Ethnic minorities exempt Only child parents allowed to have 2 kids Originally started in 1970 s as a 2 -child policy to reduce the strain on public services Fines vary as it is a formula based on individual income

How do government decisions in your personal life affect the larger society? Do they (governments) have the right to interfere with personal privacy?

POPULATION PYRAMIDS • Purpose: shows the age and sex of a population • Helpful to show dependents (<15 & >64)

What problems arise when there is a “graying” of the population (lots of older people)? What problems are there when there a lot of young dependents? What services will be needed to support old and young dependents?

JOURNAL What are pros and cons of living in a city? (8 sent. )

THE URBAN TRANSITION Chapter 13: Section 3

CITIES City- dense and permanent concentration of people living in a specific area and working primarily in nonagricultural jobs Not just a place with a lot of people Long-lasting large population Centralized economic focus

URBANIZATION Process by which an increasingly larger portion of the world’s population lives in cities Newer phenomenon More people live in cities, rather than rural areas.

PREINDUSTRIAL CITIES Began around 3500 B. C. due to agriculture. (Mesopotamia) People gathered for reasons other than food. § § Elites: Power (military, political, religious) Functionaries: Planning/Organization Jobs Craftspeople: Selling Products Poor/Destitute: Work

RISE OF MODERN CITIES Industrial Revolution created major changes. (Factories, Assembly Line, etc. ) Transition from agricultural focus to industrial focus.

WORLD URBANIZATION Overurbanization- situation in which a city cannot supply adequate jobs and housing for its inhabitants § I. e. Slums What are push and pull factors?

SUBURBANIZATION Loss of population of a city to surrounding areas Wealthy look for less crowded, more comfortable areas. Technology makes it possible to maintain jobs. § I. e. Communication devices, transportation, Lack of housing available in the inner city.

CENTRAL-CITY DILEMMA Concentration of people in need of public services without tax base-generated money to provide for them Can it be solved? § Gentrification- development of low-income areas by middle-class homebuyers, landlords, and professional developers

EDGE CITIES A suburban unit specializing in a particular economic activity Economic advantages

URBAN ECOLOGY Chapter 16: Section 4

URBAN ECOLOGY Study of the relationships between people and their city environment

THEORIES OF CITY GROWTH Concentric Zone Sector Multiple Nuclei Peripheral

1. CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY Growth starts in the central city and circular areas grow out from there. “Bull’s Eye Model” or “Burgess Model” “Heart” of city is the central business district (CBD) § Made up of major government/private buildings and most important businesses Highly influenced by those with money (They are able to buy land use it for whatever their purposes are. ) Example: Chicago

CONCENTRIC ZONES Zone in Transition: Lots of change occurring § Invasion of the CBD into the next zone § Residents leave as more businesses move in § Zone doesn’t always become incorporated into CBD Workingmen’s Homes: “Blue collar” jobs Residential Zone: Middle and Upper Middle Class living (“White collar” professions) Commuter’s Zone: Upper class living

2. SECTOR THEORY Emphasizes transportation routes which come from CBD to different zones Growth of urban activities expand along roads, rivers, and railways Does NOT take into account the automobile which makes trade easier Example: Seattle, San Francisco

SECTOR THEORY MODEL

3. MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY Influenced by geographic or historical influence, NOT the CBD City has several “centers, ” which based on their use attract certain uses while repelling others Works for cities that aren’t described by the concentric zone or sector theories Greater movement because of higher car ownership Example: Boston

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY MODEL

4. PERIPHERAL THEORY Focuses on the importance of suburbs around the central city Suburbs now contain elements of central city and thus do not need a CBD or other sectors Better suited for newer cities who do not focus on the CBD