Population II Migration Types of migration Emigration from

Population II: Migration

Types of migration • Emigration (from) or immigration (to) • Voluntary or involuntary (forced) • International (between countries) or internal (within a country). • Documented or undocumented

Migration flows

Push factors • Violence (war or high crime) • Poor economy • Ethnic or religious persecution • Degraded resources or poor weather

Pull factors • Peace (or more security) • Economic opportunities/ good services • Freedom of expression • Better sense of place or weather

Intervening obstacles • Restrictions on immigration • Bias against immigrants • Distance and lack of money • Cultural unfamiliarity

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION • Gross migration – Total number of migrants • Net migration – Gain or loss as result of migration

Chain migration • Family/friends write home, attract new immigrants • Family reunifications • “Secondary migration” to new home in adopted country

Mexican “braceros” in U. S. , 1950 s “Guest workers” • Temporary employment • Send money home Turks in Germany, 1980 s • Kids become citizens? Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong, 1990 s

“Brain Drain” • Educated, skilled migrate for better jobs • Wealthy, educated country gains • Poor country loses skilled people

REFUGEES (involuntary) • Flee war or persecution – International or internal • Many move to temporary camps • Apply for “asylum” (safe haven)

Main sources of refugees

Highlands in Laos Thailand Hmong refugees from Laos Mekong River (border) Refugee camp in Thailand

Hmong refugees from Laos Many now in Calif. , Minn. , Wis.

“Ethnic cleansing” Forced removal of an ethnic group Serbs expelled from Krajina (Croatia), 1995 Albanians expelled from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999 Term from breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990 s

Afghan refugees

Migration and the U. S.

International / Involuntary : Transatlantic Slave Trade

Diaspora A group scattered globally by largescale migration African Diaspora Chinese Diaspora Palestinian Diaspora Jewish Diaspora

Internal / Involuntary: Indian Removal west of Mississippi River

Waves of immigration, 1840 s-1930 s

Annual Immigration to the U. S. by Region of Origin

Origins and Destinations of Recent Immigrants

Immigration Patterns from Asia

Anti-immigrant movements Signs against Japanese in California, 1930 s Riot against Chinese in Denver, 1880

Anti-immigrant arguments • Immigrants “take jobs” and drain services – Yet mainly “low-end” jobs • Immigrants “threaten” culture/language – Argument sees diversity as negative • Anti-immigrant movements affect elections –Austria, France, Denmark, California, etc.

Undocumented immigrants more likely than U. S. citizens to… • Be employed – Work longer hours • Be free from assistance – Contribute to federal taxes through payroll • Drain state social services –Federal gov’t should compensate states?

Immigration Patterns from Latin America

Economic migrants or refugees? Cubans had preferred status because they left a Communist country Mariel Boatlift from Cuba, 1980 s Boat people from Haiti, 1990 s

Who came to whom? U. S. annexed northern Mexico in 1848

Internal migration within U. S.

Shifting Center of U. S. Population, 1790 - 1990

Rural-to-urban shift (Voluntary/internal)

The Great Migration African Americans moving from South to North to work in war industries

Shift to Sunbelt and West, late 20 th century

U. S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000 s during 1990 s)