Population http www aqa org uksubjectsgeographyalevelgeography2030pastpapersandmarkschemes Key Words

Population http: //www. aqa. org. uk/subjects/geography/a-level/geography-2030/past-papers-andmark-schemes

Key Words Birth rate –amount of births/ 1000 / year PQLI – Physical Quality Life Index Death rate – amount of deaths /1000/ year Ethnicity – Background Life expectancy – average to which a population would live to Density- People per KM 2 Natural increase/ decrease – difference between births and deaths Migration rate- (in/out) Urban population – Population in a city Population Pyramids- a countries population displayed as Rural Population –population in the countryside a pyramid GDP- domestic product Calorific intake –how many calories consumed in a day GNP- %in primary employment – mining, fishing. People per Doctor %in secondary employment - Manufacture Fertility rate- amount of population of whom can conceive per 1000 %in tertiary employment – sales, official, public service Literacy rate- amount of population who can read and write per 1000 %in quaternary employment - management Infant mortality- measure of deaths / 1000 live births HDI – Human development index –life expectancy, literacy, education, stand of living Longevity- how much longer someone can expect to live

Causes of population change G 4. 1 Health: 1. Better medication and vaccines. This means people can be immunised against a disease. 2. More Doctors. This will lead to better quality of care and therefore more people getting better. 3. Birth control. For example the one child policy in china. Or better access to contraception – Thailand 4. Better facilities and infrastructure. 5. Free access to health services – NHS. This means everyone can get medical even if they cannot afford it. Good health care can make a country more attractive to immigrants this is a pull factor. It can also mean the population that is already in the country will live for longer.

G 4. 1 Education: 1. More teachers means that children will get a better education and be able to do more jobs 2. Family Planning. 3. Women getting better education. 4. Women’s rights get better publicity. Creating a fairer country and meaning more women become literate. Therefor being the same as men and having an opinion this can lead to less births. Like in Kerala. 5. Education can promote either high birth rate or low birth rate. Again Education can work as a pull factor to encourage migrants to a country. Or can even lead to people moving from one part of a town to another so there children get into the best school (catchment)

Social Provision (Care) 1. More can lead to people living longer 2. Housing Benefits 3. Care workers (social, medical) 4. Emergency services 5. More benefits if you have more children. (France) Neonatilist policy G 4. 1 People will emigrate to places with better social provision. Cultural Factors 1. Good History of Human Rights 2. Non discriminative government, this encourages people to move in. 3. Already friends and family in the country. 4. Place of Worship nearby. If there already cultural factors in place that meet the needs of the migrants then this will pull them towards that country. This would make them feel more at home. E. g places of worship so they continue in their faith.

G 4. 1 Political Factors 1. Government Plans 2. Freedom – people are more likely to want to live somewhere there is freedom of speech 3. Democracy (UK) 4. Dictatorship (Hitler) – people may not choose to live in a dictatorship where their freedom and safety maybe at risk. (north Korea) 5. Uprising/ Civil war (Syria) people will move away from war to safety. 2. 5 million refugees from the Syrian conflict. Environmental 1. Good Weather – people will move to places with better weather. (UK > AUS) 2. Natural disaster (Montserrat) people will move away from places with natural disasters. Can be difficult to live in places likely to be affected be natural disasters. (insurance) 3. Pollution 4. Country side (mountains, forest, Sea) people maybe attracted to live by the coast etc – many people retire to the coast (Highcliffe/ Christchurch) Sussex, Devon and Cornwall.

PUSH/PULL This picture shows some of the factors that will either push someone away from a country or pull someone into moving to a new country. G 4. 1

G 4. 2 At this point we looked at population data for different countries in the world. We were able to compare LEDCs to MEDCs and UK. We were able to pick up key facts like: LEDCs have higher birth-rates than MEDCs. The homework for this lesson was GEOFILE SEPTEMBER 2012 Make sure you know all the Key words from slide 2

Population Characteristics G 4. 3 What are the factors of population change? Fertility Rates Death rate/birth rate – some countries have high infant mortality rates and therefore have high birth rates to counter the death rate. (LEDCs) MEDCs may have smaller birth rates and death rates than in LEDCs. MEDCs may also have problems with aging populations due to birth rates being less than death rates, this is easy to see in population pyramids. Tradition- in some places tradition requires a high rate of reproduction. Some LEDCs 1 in 4 adolescent girls has given birth. Education- female literacy is key to a lower fertility rate. Birth control comes from education of women. Contraception and family planning are becoming more widespread due to education. Age- a youth bulge in places like Mali and Bolivia ensure future population growth whereas a youth shortage in places like Japan and Poland means a population decline even if birth rates increase. Religion much like tradition can affect birth rates – e. g RCC and Islam oppose contraception this means a higher birth rate, however in MEDCs and increasingly LEDCs less people are adhering to religious doctrine.

Population Characteristics G 4. 3 What are the factors of population change? Economic factors – LEDCs – children are economic asset MEDCs – Children are economic drain. Economic uncertainty can lead to lower birth rates. Political influences - countries make seek to lower or increase there birth rates ( CHINA, FRANCE, ITALY) wartime = increase – (Germany ww 2) Over population will lead to decrease – China under population or aging population will lead to increase – France and Italy Mortality – highest death rates usually found in LEDCs. Infant mortality can increase birth rates. Medical infrastructure – places where there is good Medical facilities often have low levels of mortality and have higher life expectancies therefore lower death and birth rates. Lack of medical facilities of course leads to death rates being higher and birth rates being higher to counter this problem. Stage of Development – poverty, poor nutrition, lack of clean water and sanitation all lead to high mortality rates. Rural population lack the access to infrastructure this can lead to high death rates.

G 4. 5 DTM and population pyramids

The Demographic Transition Model graphs Birth rate, Death rate and Natural Increase. The word demographic simply means population, and transition relates to change. Therefore this model proposes what should happen to a population over time and how it should CHANGE. If birth rate is greater than death rate the population will naturally increase. If the death rate is greater than birth rate the population will naturally decrease. The greater the difference the greater the rate of Natural Increase. The rate of Natural Increase is much higher in developing countries of the world. The demographic transition model is set out in 4/5 stages and was . based on the United Kingdom. Stage 5 is an expected stage some countries are starting to enter this stage

Population Pyramids A population pyramid is a graph that allows us to see the gender and age structure of a population. The pyramid beside shows the number of people in millions in each age group in the UK in 2010. There are different shapes to the pyramids which tell us different things about the population of the country. They are useful because they give a really visual idea of what the birth and death rates are like in a country, and because they show the life expectancy. They can also help governments plan for the future because they show change over time.

Population Pyramid Quizlet revision cards. Source : Cool Geography: Population Pyramids

Population change in the UK 300 AD – 1. 5 million 1086 ¼ million under Norman control 1348 Black death – killed 2 million – Black death killed 40% civil war killed 20% 1801 population of London 1 million Migration to USA 1914 45 million london: 6. 5 million 1 million lost during WW 1 Failing birth rates due to education of women Current Population 63. 7 million (2012) The baby boom rather than migration is forcing population upwards. ½ 33000 new babies were from migrant arrivals. Overall migration is falling 2008: 118, 000 that’s half of what it was in 2007 Increase of births from women born overseas. Aging population 4 workers to support 1 OAP Ireland France pro Natalist policy Greece and Italy un healthy birth rates. -- aging population

G 4. 6: Migration Vocab: Migration- Permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one place to another. Immigration: movement into a country/area. From Poland into the UK Emigration: movement out of a country/area. From UK to Australia Voluntary migration – someone who wants to move due to the pull factors of another country. Forced migration- someone who has to move due to danger of life, from war, poverty, religion, gender, sexuality. Rural- Urban migration movement from the countryside area to the city e. g New Forest to London Urban – Rural migration movement out of the city. E. g Birmingham to Devon Push Factors- something that encourages people to leave their area. (Wars, HR, Natural Disaster. E. g Syria Net migration balance: difference between immigration and emigration. net migration loss net migration Gain International Migration – migration over international borders. UK to Australia

G 4. 6 POLAND TO UK CASE STUDY POLAND TO UK – CASE STUDY Pull Factors to the UK • Large scale migration (200, 000 in 1 st year) • As part of the EU we allow movement of labour • UK is already culturally diverse • Developed economy • Demand for cheap labour (we have jobs for them) • We have a good welfare system • London is a world city and one of the fastest growing • Transport • Immigrant friendly services • Strength of the pound • Unemployment 5% in UK vs 18% in Poland (2005) Impacts on the UK • Slow dispersion from a hub. Like a port. • £ 2. 5 Billion contributed annually to the economy by the eastern European migrants. • Migrants have contributed to 1% of the UK’s economic growth between 2005 and 2006. • 80% of migrants between 18 and 35 – this offsets the UK’s aging population • New migrants are hard work Benefits to Poland • Economy injection • 25% of pay goes back to Poland (remittance) • Average pay £ 6 an hour • In 2006 2. 5 of Poland GDP was from the UK! • Polish workers receive training and skills Disadvantages to Poland • 7% of its workforce is in the UK • The vibrance of Poland has been lost • Skills shortage (loss of motivated work force) • Loss of fertile (young) people. • Population dwindling. Birth rate low • Population from 38 million to 33 million! • Youngsters and males to the UK. -Effects traditional family -Life style Change • Exploitation to polish immigrants – Clueless

G 4. 7 Aging population Why not try doing a Case Study on Christchurch in Dorset http: //www. bbc. co. uk/news/magazine-27066299 Also compare UK and JAPAN

Christchurch – basic facts Median Age Christchurch UK London South West 69. 8 32 43 39 31% over 65 (double the uk average (16%) Over 1/3 over 60 – (37% 2012) 27% under 30 in 2012 3 x less crime than UK average Population 47987 2012 95% white British All information from 2012 can be found online at Dorset for you

Ageing Population Case study: France • France is tackling its ageing population with a strong pro-natal policy – it is encouraging people to have children and therefore produce a more favourable dependency ratio. • Couples are given a wide varieties of incentives to have children: Ø Three years of paid paternity leave which can be used by mothers or fathers Ø Full-time schooling starts from the age of 3 and is fully paid for by the government Ø Day care for children younger than 3 is subsidised by the government Ø The more children a women has the earlier she will be allowed to retire on a full pension. � Ø A monthly allowance of 180 pounds (which raises when the child reaches 11) Ø 30% reductions on trains and half-price on the metro Ø The carte Paris-familie gives some free entrance to swimming-pools and other amenities, as well as about £ 150 a year towards extra-curricular arts and sports. Ø State nursery schools take children from the age of three, and for toddlers there is an extensive Video

Aging population

Case Study- Aging Population in the UK East Devon Notes from video (https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Kg 550 NAM 6 Po) – not whole video. http: //www. devon. gov. uk/census_profile-east_devon. pdf For every 54 dependant people there are 100 workers.

G 4. 8 population change population theories Have a knowledge of population change theories such as: Malthus Esther Boserup Club of Rome http: //www. slideshare. net/stevenheath 148/population-theories-malthusandboserup 36186832? next_slideshow=1

G 4. 9 Managing populations Managing population change, to achieve sustainable development, with reference to 2 case studies at different stages of development: Use either: France and China France and India France and Thailand

Population Changes in MEDCs In most MEDCs population growth is stable. MEDCs have low birth and death rates. In some, like Germany the birth rate is actually lower than the death rate. This means there is a decrease in population or a natural increase of 0. 1%. The major problem for many MEDCs is an ageing population. Life expectancy in MEDCs is increasing as people are now living longer due to improvements in health care, diet and lifestyle. Therefore, there will be a greater number of elderly dependents. In the UK this is likely to lead to increased taxes to pay for health care and pensions.

France: pro-natal policy CASE STUDY France doesn’t have a high enough birth rate to avoid having a very high dependency rate this means that France would have more people not working and on some kind of state funded benefit like a pension or child benefit than working and supporting the country. This is due to good health care, sanitation high GDP per capita and good education. This can cause many problems when faced with a low birth rate. About 17% of France’s population is over 65 which may not seem like a lot but when added to the 19% of people under 14 that leaves France with 36 % of their entire population being dependant on the other 64%. Not all of that 64% of people have jobs as well. This makes it very hard for France to support the dependants. Dependency ratio = Under 14/16’s + over 65’s Rest of population X 100

Case study: France is tackling its ageing population with a strong pro-natal policy – it is encouraging people to have children and therefore produce a more favourable dependency ratio. Couples are given a wide varieties of incentives to have children: Three years of paid paternity leave which can be used by mothers or fathers Full-time schooling starts from the age of 3 and is fully paid for by the government Day care for children younger than 3 is subsidised by the government The more children a women has the earlier she will be allowed to retire on a full pension A monthly allowance of £ 180 (which rises when the child reaches 11) 30% reductions on trains and half-price on the metro The carte Paris-familie gives some free entrance to swimming-pools and other amenities, as well as about £ 150 a year towards extra-curricular arts and sports. State nursery schools take children from the age of three, and for toddlers there is an extensive Video

Population Changes in developing countries The populations of most less economically developed countries (LEDCs) are growing very rapidly. Most are at stage 2 and 3 of the Demographic Transition Model. They have declining deaths rates and high birth rates. Therefore, natural increase is high. Death rates are declining because of improvements in sanitation and healthcare. Birth rates are high for a number of reasons: Lack of family planning education or contraceptives In rural areas children are needed as labour on farms. In urban areas they are needed to work in the informal sector to earn money for their families. Women have a large number of children as there is a high level of infant mortality Culture/religion mean it is unacceptable to use contraception Population Changes in MEDCs China’s Policy Kerala’s Policy Learn Geography internet- link to source

Thailand The Problem: In 1969 the population growth was 3%/ Year Thailand has an economy based on agriculture, therefore more children = bigger work force. The Solution Sustainable development: - a more stable population allows the government to concentrate on management of resources rather than management of people. The Government helped to launch the Population and Community Development Association (PDA) This, Led by Mechai Uiravaidya, (he was good with PR and a economist) looked at the population from a resources point of view How? In 1969 the average woman had 6. 5 children Family Planning Only 16% of the population used contraception Raising awareness of contraception Condom blowing balloon competitions Police giving out condoms at New Year This put pressure on resources: a continued BR would lead to problems ( Neo – Malthusian) – Famine/ Overpopulation Birth control advice at bus stops Free vasectomies on the king’s birthday

Thailand – The result 1969 16% used contraception 6. 5 children per woman SUCCESS 3% Population Growth rate 1999 72% use of contraception 1. 7 Children per woman 0. 8% Population Growth Rate

China’s one child policy China’s one Child policy Social and Economic impacts of the policy Social impacts Economic impacts A typical Chinese child today will have 2 parents and 4 grandparents to look after, a married couple would have 4 parents 8 grandparents. More old peoples homes are going to be needed as the older population gets bigger. Low birth rate and high life expectancy. China’s population is ageing rapidly. About 22% of Shanghai's residents are over 60, and that’s expected to rise to 34% by 2020. they will all need supporting finically in their old age. Which includes an increasing need for expensive health care. Chinese society prefers boys to girls. This is even worse now that couples are only allowed one child. Many girls are aborted before birth. Many have also been abandoned at birth many of which end up in an orphanages. Some lucky ones are adopted. The percentage of people aged over 65 compared to people of working age is going to increase rapidly from 10% to 40% by 2 o 25. And from 2025 china is expected to have more elderly people than children. By 2020 it is estimated that men in china will Many experts feel that china's growing outnumber women by 30 million, which might lead economy wont have enough workers to to social tension and unrest as more and more sustain it into the future. men find themselves unable to marry due to lack of women. Kerala’s Next Slide Policy

One child policy 1979 • • • China’s one Child policy Couples must not marry until late 20’s Only have 1 successful pregnancy Must not be able to have any other pregnancies 5 -10% salary rise for only having one child. priority housing free education and benefits for the single child. If you didn’t obey the law 10% salary cut A fine so large it would bankrupt many families Family have to pay for the education of child and healthcare of whole family Second child born aboard not allowed to be a Chinese citizen Contents Next Slide

Pros and cons China’s one Child policy Pros cons Less famine and over population which lead to problems like less raw materials and a poorer population. Women forced to have abortions Millions now not in poverty Women placed under pressure Jobs available because of smaller Sons preferred to daughters so population many daughters were abandoned Standard of life better. Chinese children over indulged and spoilt because they are an only child. Next Slide

China’s one Child policy • Changes to the one child policy 1990 s and 2000 a couple who are both only children are allowed to have two children. Government workers should set an example and only have 1 child. • 2 children mean the burden of caring for older family will not be as much • Women have an opportunity for a career • Attitude to having a daughter has improved • The policy is unlikely to become less strict because the population is still high. Next Slide: Kerala’s Policy

Kerala – Case Study Population Policy Kerala Case Study: India's population is estimated to be around one billion. India has one of the highest population growth rates in the world. In the last ten years its population has increased by 181 million. If this growth rate continues it could become the world's most populated country by 2020. However, India's population growth rate is slowing. This is particularly the case in the southern state of Kerala. In Kerala there have been a number of initiatives to reduce population growth: 1. Women are being educated. Around half of all Indian women cannot read or write (illiterate). However, in Kerala 85% of women are literate. Better educated women are more likely to keep their children healthy. Therefore infant mortality has dropped. This has led to a drop in birth rates. If children are surviving families no longer have to have a couple of extra children to replace those that die. 2. Contraception is more widely available 3. The status of women has improved significantly. Women are no longer seen as a burden - they are regarded as an asset. Traditionally in India when a woman gets married the family have to pay money to the bridegroom's family. This is called a dowry. However, in Kerala it is the bridegroom's family who pay a dowry to the brides family. BBC Bitesize Clip Next Slide: Kerala’s Policy

The Policy Kerala Reasons for Kerala’s Policy How the Policy works Effects of the policy (positive + negative) Supporting facts and figures Growing population – over 32 million people living in Kerala Through education like : family planning. Rural poverty is the lowest in Southern India. 32 million people live in Kerala That’s 3. 4% of India’s total population Males and females being treated equally India fertility rate has declined Started in 1952 819 people per square kilometre Extra benefits for those with smaller families Infant mortality has dropped 819 people per square kilometre 85% of women in Kerala Families are not allowed India will still however have a can read and write. more than 8 hectares of bigger population than China land. by 2050 The Policy differs to china’s as it is an educational policy rather than a strict one child policy. Forced sterilizations in the nations poorest regions! – this hinders women's acceptance of family planning. Colour scheme links the facts with the table headings. Twice the size of wales. 95% of babies are born in hospitals. Health care in Kerala is good. (In 1981 20 million babies were born)

G 4. 10 – Social Welfare/ Settlement Explain the characteristics of these different types of settlement Inner city Suburban Rural/ Urban fringe Rural Comment on the Implications on social welfare in regards to type of settlement

What is Social Welfare ? Social welfare is the well being of a community It refers to individuals and groups of people within that community It refers to the access theses groups and individuals have to a range of opportunities. What are these opportunities? : Jobs Housing Healthcare Education Leisure Transport / Infrastructure Environment Freedom The problem with social welfare is that it is not spread equally throughout society.

Variation in social welfare Social welfare differs depending on: Location (within the UK/ Region / City) Social class Age group of those living in the area Gender Sexual orientation What needs does the overall Demographic have? Wealth Different ethnic groups This can lead to segregation. In many places the social welfare is aimed at the group of people who has the majority in that area: for example here in Christchurch there a lot of resources and day care centres aimed at the elderly because they make up over 1/3 of our population. Whereas in Bournemouth where there is a larger student presence there are resources aimed at those students, e. g nightclubs, Education, Student housing etc

Inner City Settlement Within the inner city housing seems to be a problem for most people. This is due to the cost of Land. Residents within inner city East London seem to face a number of big problems to do with the provision of social welfare in Canning Town nearby to canary wharf many residents are finding it hard to cope with the unaffordable house prices. Another problem for residents of Canning Town is Low income the average household income was £ 23000 in 2007 with only 37. 6% in full time work There is also poor health (20. 7 in 2001) and low education achievement in this area of London with over 43% of working age adults having received no qualifications. – This low achievement has led to the low paid low skilled jobs You could also use Southampton (Bevois Valley /Hedge End)

Suburban Settlement The London borough of Richmond has a high population of high skilled working aged residents Richmond also has a higher birth-rate (13. 9) than the rest of the UK (10. 7) The death rate is also below national average – indicating wealth Population 91% white British Only 2. 9% have no qualifications Richmond suffers from a unaffordable housing crisis some housing costs over 3 x the UK average Just 12% of the housing is social

Rural – urban fringe This is where the traditional village meets the city – in these places the house prices may be booming even when there is little job prospects and little services in the community. This is because these places are often used for communing into a big city. Rural – Urban Fringe settlements usually attract counter urbanisation (An A 2 topic) The cost of the rail ticket is made up for from the high income of working in London. The housing in these fringes is much more value for money than in central London. The only downside is the travel which is often expensive and crowded. The rural Urban fringe is constantly changing to cope with new populations. The counter urbanisation is contributing to a new population demographic of high skilled high income families who need more services. 4 types of landscape: 1. Valued landscapes – conservation and listed traditional buildings 2. Simplified Landscapes – changes in farming allows bigger fields 3. Disturbed landscapes – Landscapes that have been “ruined” by new development 4. neglected landscapes – change in economy leads to some landscapes to be left derelict

Counter- urbanisation ST IVES 100 km N of London/ 25 km NW of cambs Links to London via infrastructure (trains £ 3920 / A 1(M) / A 14/M 11 Rural area characteristics like Georgian housing and traditional chapel Surrounding rural area mainly farmland Recent farming developments on periphery of the town Change in population structure Greater demand for property Increase in education services required High status services and retail required. CU has lead to a loss of culture

St Ives

Rural Settlement Change There are currently two main kinds of Urban area: Accessible and remote. Accessible rural areas are like those on the urban fringe, The settlement is far enough from the city to be considered rural but there are still have good links to the city. These are the rural Settlements that are doing well, due to counter urbanisation. However Remote rural settlements are facing a decline this leads to a lack of population and therefore services decrease and decline can lead to deprivation. Those who are left cannot escape. Service Worse – Remote - Decline Better – Accessible – growing Food Shops Village stores have closed due to competition from supermarkets in rural towns who have lower prices New community shops have opened Post Offices Many Village Post offices are closing down due to the lack of demand Cooperation between banks/supermarkets/community shops to offer all the services under one roof Public Transport Uneconomic routes have closed due to the privatisation of Public Transport. Car ownership increases and is more cost and time effective Grants available for community bus services and taxis – (Highcliffe community cars) post bus Village Schools Lack of children leads to failing schools – wealthy parents choose to privately educate there children Increase in families leads to increase in nursery’s leads to increase in education spend Libraries Local services get cut Mobile libraries cover a large area Primary Healthcare Decline in services due to lack of funding and of population Mini health centres in larger villages – with rural hospitals e. t. c CCG – Ashhurst and Lyndhurst hospitals Village halls Decline due to population and lack of funding Grants to refurbish Halls – backed by the community

Purbeck Elderly Population Out migration of youth: 16 -19 make up only 4. 3% of Population High death rates leading to natural decline (11. 9 - 19. 6) Rural Housing crisis – Out of area commuters / retirees /second home/ in-migrants Competition for a small number of houses Houses are too expensive for local people ¾ villages didn’t have a local shop in 2002 Dorset CC survey 38 Rural post offices closed 8 villages lost Pubs 35 rural petrol stations lost 6 more doctors surgeries – high need due to elderly population Corfe castle benefits from tourism Public transport is limited

Sources Cool Geography Dorset for you BBC NEWS Geography Text books for AS Internet Geography For more resources see my website