POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA DONE BY SK SAFIKUL

POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA DONE BY : SK SAFIKUL HAQUE, GEOGRAPHY, KHARAGPUR COLLEGE.

INTRODUCTION Overpopulation is a throughout the world. growing problem World’s population has reached 7 billion. There will, of course, be significant increases in the demand for food, water, and energy in developing countries. Rapid population growth impedes development.

India and many third world countries are now passing through the phase of population explosion. It is being argued that this situation has arisen because development in these countries has failed to maintain pace with population growth. Rapid growth of population causes poverty and proves to be a barrier to development.

Concepts & Definitions Population: The population of an area is the total number of all individuals alive in a particular point in time. Thomas Frejka, (1973) Population explosion: Theory of Demographic Transition, asserts that the population explosion implying a sudden spurt in the rate of population growth is a transitory phenomena that occurs in the second stage of demographic transition due to rapid fall in mortality rate without a corresponding fall in the birth rate. Birth Rate is the total number of births per 1000 of a population each year. Mortality rate is the total number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year. Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that

Population growth in India • India is the 2 nd most populous country in the world, with over 1. 21 billion people (2011 census) • India already containing 17. 5% of the world's population and projected to be the world's most populous country by 2025, surpassing China. • Population growth rate is 1. 5%, ranking 90 th in the world. (Qatar ranks 1 st with a rate 4. 93%) • India has more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and more than 65% below the age of 35. • It is expected that, in 2020, the average of an Indian will be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan.

Contd. . Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the country with almost 200 million people, which is more than the population of Brazil. The combined population of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra (2 nd most populous State), at 312 million, is substantially greater than the population of USA.

Population & its growth in India: 1901 -2011 Census year population Decadal growth absolute percent Avg. annual exp. growth rate (%) 0. 56 -0. 03 1. 04 1. 33 1. 25 1. 96 2. 20 Progressive growth rate over 1901 (%) 5. 75 5. 42 17. 02 33. 67 51. 47 84. 25 129. 94 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 23, 83, 96, 327 25, 20, 93, 390 1, 36, 97, 063 25, 13, 213 -7, 72, 177 27, 89, 77, 238 2, 76, 56, 025 31, 86, 60, 580 3, 96, 83342 36, 10, 88, 090 4, 27, 510 43, 92, 34, 771 7, 81, 46, 681 54, 81, 59, 652 10, 89, 24, 881 5. 75 (0. 31) 11. 00 14. 22 13. 31 21. 64 24. 80 1981 68, 33, 29, 097 13, 51, 69, 445 24. 66 2. 22 186. 64 1991 84, 64, 21, 039 16, 30, 91, 942 23. 87 2. 16 255. 05 2001 1, 02, 87, 37, 436 18, 23, 16, 397 21. 54 1. 97 331. 52 2011 1, 21, 01, 93, 422 18, 14, 55, 986 17. 64 1. 64 407. 64 Sources: Population Reference Bureau, Transition in world population, http: // www. prb. org/Publications/ Population Bulletins/2004/ sin. World. Population. PDF 249 KB. aspx, pp 4

Percentage decadal population growth rate in India: 1951 -1961 to 2001 -2011 30 25 20 21. 6 4 24. 8 24. 6 6 23. 8 7 21. 5 4 17. 6 4 15 10 5 0 195191 196171 197181 198191 199101 20012011

Rural & urban population in India Source: Census,

Population share of state & UT, India 2011 Sources: Census,

Population of Indian States Compared to a Few Countries in the World (in million) State Population Country Population Uttar Pradesh 200 Brazil 194 Maharashtra 112 Japan 128 Bihar 104 Mexico 107 West Bengal 91 Philippines 92 Andhra Pradesh 85 Germany 82 Madhy a Prades h Tamil Nadu 73 Turkey 75 72 Iran 73 Rajasthan 69 Thailand 68 Karnataka 61 UK 62 Italy 60 Gujarat Census GOI/World 60 Sources: Bank Vs

Density of Population ‘Density of Population’ is defined as the number of persons per square kilometer. With a population density of 382/km 2, India ranks 31 st among the most densely populated countries in the world. (Singapore ranks 1 st 7301/km 2) Even though India accounts for only 2. 4% of surface area of the earth, it contributes 17. 5% to the world population, which is extremely large. Where as USA, accounting for 7. 2% of the earth’s surface area, contributes only 4. 5% to the world population.

Top Ten Most Densely Populated States of India S. No. States 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bihar West Bengal Kerala Uttar Pradesh Haryana Tamil Nadu Punjab Jharkhand Assam Goa Population Density (per square km) 1, 102 1, 029 859 689 573 555 550 442 397 394 Source: Family Welfare Statistics in India - 2011 & Census. India. gov Arunachal Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands have the lowest population densities among the Indian states and union territories respectively.

Population Density of India in a chronological order Year Density of population per sq km 1901 77 1911 82 1921 81 1931 90 1941 103 1951 117 1961 142 1971 177 1981 216 1991 274 2001 324 Source: 2011 Family Welfare Statistics in India 382 - 2011 &

Sex wise composition of population in India Sex ratio: No. of females per thousand males. All time lowest sex ratio was 927 in 1991. The sex ratio of India has shown improvement during last two decades. Sex ratio, as per the recent census is 940 which is largely comparable to the best performance (941 in 1961) in last fifty years.

Causes of rapid population Growth 1. High birth rate 2. Relatively and lower death rate 3. Migration Net Migration is the difference between emigration & immigration Emigration is when a person moves out of the country. Immigration is when a person moves into a

Interaction Population growth = (Birth rate+ Immigration) - (Mortality + Emigration) In India the population has rapidly increased mainly due to decline in the death rate, while the birth rate remained high.

Reasons for High Birth Rate A. Economic factors B. Social A. Economic factors 1. Predominance of agriculture In agrarian society children never been considered as economic burden. 2. Slow urbanization process & predominance of villages 3. Poverty People are not poor because they have large families. Quite the contrary,

B. Social factors 1. Near universality of marriage Presently in India by the age of 50, only 5 out of 1000 Indian women remain unmarried. 2. Lower age at the time of marriage 3. Religious & social superstitions Belief that it is a must to have a son, because according to religion certain rites can be performed only by him & none else. 4. Joint family system

Contd. . 5. Lack of education 6. Unawareness about family planning services 7. Social and religious beliefs - especially in relation to contraception and abortion 8. Infant Mortality Rate

Reasons for decline in the mortality rate a. Elimination of famines b. Control of epidemics & decline in the Cholera and of small fox were& the incidence Malaria two major causes of Tuberculosis epidemics before independence. Now cholera is completely eradicated and small fox is very much under control. c. Supply of pure drinking water d. Sanitation & hygiene

Contd. . e. Nutrition levels f. Living standard g. Education, health care & expanded medical facilities h. Social factors such as conflicts and levels of violent crimes

Birth rate & Death rate in India Year Birth rate Death rate (births/1, 000 population) (deaths/1, 000 population) 1941 -51 39. 9 27. 4 1951 -61 41. 7 22. 8 1961 -71 41. 1 19 1971 -81 37. 2 15 1981 -91 29. 5 9. 8 1991 -01 25. 8 8. 5 2001 -11 22. 5 7. 7 Source: Calculated from the Census of India data and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

Birth rate & Death rate in India 45 40 35 30 rate of growth 25 20 15 10 5 0 194151 195161 196171 Birth rate (births/1, 000 population) 1971 -81 198191 year s Death rate (deaths/1, 000 population) 199101 200111

Migration: geographical distribution International Migration from low to middle & high income countries Employment based migration Intra-national Rural to Urban Semi-Urban to Urban Why migrate? Lure of big city Job opportunities (pull factor) Lack of rural

International migration, 2010 (Top 10) Highest percentage of international migrants Largest number of international migrants, (millions) Qatar 87% USA 42. 8 UAE 70% Russia 12. 3 Kuwait 69% Germany 10. 8 Jordan 465 Saudi Arabia 7. 3 Palestine 44% Canada 7. 2 Singapore 41% France 6. 7 Israel 40% UK 6. 5 Hong Kong 39% Spain 6. 4 Saudi Arabia 38% India 5. 4 Oman 38% Ukraine 5. 3 Source: Population Growth & Its impacts, PAD 6838/ 7865 Lecture 3

Population pyramid of developing & developed countries

Youth Bulge Population pyramid depicts the current distribution of people across age groups. A large number of youth constitute India’s population; about 36 percent of the population is under age 15. This young age structure creates a powerful momentum for future population growth. Many females will soon enter their reproductive years and have children within the next decade. Even if fertility declines rapidly, it will take 50 years for the population to stabilize.

India’s Youth Bulge Projections arrived using Spectrum with inputs from Census 2001,

How to reduce rapid population growth? 1. Expansion of industrial sector: Industrial workers are aware of difficulties in getting the employment & are interested in restricting the size of their family. 2. Creation of employment opportunities in urban areas: The housing problem and the cost of upbringing of children in urban areas are the two factors which usually deter people from having big families

3. Equitable distribution of income and removal of poverty Poor people have virtually no interest in limiting the size of the family. 4. Increase education, employment and wages for women Education often changes the attitude of a person towards family, marriage and the number of children he/she should have.

5. Increase the minimum-age child labor 6. Provide better oldage social security To reduce the dependency on the children 7. Raising the minimum age of marriage India should try to draw some lesson from the experiences of China, Malaysia and Sri Lanka where fertility decline has occurred largely through an increase in age at marriage.

8. Improve child health to reduce infant mortality 9. Implementation of familyplanning programs 10. Monetary subsidies to small families

Population Policy in India • It is difficult to decide as what is optimum size of population for India under the existing conditions. • There has been complete reliance on family planning in order to reduce population explosion. • The national family planning program was launched in 1951, and was the world's first governmental population stabilization program. • Low female literacy levels and the lack of widespread availability of birth-control methods is hampering the use of contraception in India. • Family planning accepted & practiced effectively in some of the states in India. • Education and awareness needed about Family Planning.

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