Population Distribution and Abundance 1 1 Introduction Ecologists

Population Distribution and Abundance 1 1

Introduction • Ecologists usually define a population as a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area. – Characterized by the number of individuals and their density. • Additional characteristics of a population include age distributions, growth rates, distribution, and abundance. 2 2

Distribution Limits • Physical environment limits geographic distribution of a species. – Organisms can only compensate so much for environmental variation. 3 3

Kangaroo Distributions and Climate • Scientist found a close relationship between climate and distribution of the three largest kangaroos in Australia. – Macropus giganteus - Eastern Grey • Eastern 1/3 of continent. – Macropus fuliginosus - Western Grey • Southern and western regions. – Macropus rufus - Red • Arid / semiarid interior. 4 4

Kangaroo Distributions and Climate 5 5

Kangaroo Distributions and Climate • Limited distributions may not be directly determined by climate. – Climate often influences species distributions via: • • Food production Water supply Habitat Incidence of parasites, pathogens and competitors. 6 6

Tiger Beetle of Cold Climates • Tiger Beetle (Cicindela longilabris) lives at higher latitudes and elevations than most other species in NA. – Schultz et. al. found metabolic rates of C. longilabris are higher and preferred temperatures lower than most other species. • Supports generalization that the physical environment limits species distributions. 7 7

Tiger Beetle of Cold Climates 8 8

Distributions of Plants along a Moisture-Temperature Gradient • Encelia species distributions correspond to variations in temperature and precipitation. 9 9

Distributions of Barnacles along an Intertidal Exposure Gradient • Organisms living in an intertidal zone have evolved to different degrees of resistance to drying. – Barnacles show distinctive patterns of zonation within intertidal zone. • scientist found Chthamalus stellatus restricted to upper levels while Balanus balanoides is limited to middle and lower levels. 10 10

Distributions of Barnacles along an Intertidal Gradient • Balanus appears to be more vulnerable to desiccation, excluding it from the upper intertidal zone. – Chthamalus adults appear to be excluded from lower areas by competition with Balanus. 11 11

Distributions of Barnacles along an Intertidal Gradient 12 12

Distribution of Individuals on Small Scales • Random: Equal chance of being anywhere. – Uniform distribution of resources. • Regular: Uniformly spaced. – Exclusive use of areas. – Individuals avoid one another. • Clumped: Unequal chance of being anywhere. – Mutual attraction between individuals. – Patchy resource distribution. 13 13

Distribution of Individuals on Small Scales 14 14

Distribution of Tropical Bee Colonies • Hubbell and Johnson predicted aggressive bee colonies would show regular distributions while non-aggressive species would show random or clumped distributions. – As predicted, four species with regular distributions were highly aggressive. • Fifth was non-aggressive and randomly distributed. • Prospective nest sites marked with pheromones. 15 15

Fig. 9. 11 16 16

Distributions of Desert Shrubs • Traditional theory suggests desert shrubs are regularly spaced due to competition. – Phillips and Mac. Mahon found distribution of desert shrubs changes from clumped to regular patterns as they grow. – Young shrubs clumped for (3) reasons: • Seeds germinate at safe sites • Seeds not dispersed from parent areas • Asexual reproduction 17 17

Distributions of Desert Shrubs • Phillips and Mac. Mahon proposed as plants grow, some individuals in clumps die, reducing clumping. – Competition among remaining plants produces higher mortality. • Eventually creates regular distributions. • Brisson and Reynolds found competitive interactions with neighboring shrubs appear to influence distribution of creosote roots, Larrea tridentata. 18 18

Distributions of Individuals on Large Scales • Bird Populations Across North America – Scientist T. Root found at continental scale, bird populations showed clumped distributions in Christmas Bird Counts. – Clumped patterns occur in species with widespread distributions. – Brown found a relatively small proportion of study sites yielded most of records for each bird species in Breeding Bird Survey. 19 19

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Plant Abundance along Moisture Gradients • Whittaker examined distributions of woody plants along moisture gradients in several North American mountain ranges. – Documented moisture gradient from moist canyon bottoms up to the dry southwest-facing slopes. • Tree species showed a highly clumped distribution along moisture gradients, with densities decreasing substantially toward the edges of their distribution. 21 21

Plant Abundance Along Moisture Gradients 22 22

Plant Abundance Along Moisture Gradients 23 23

Organism Size and Population Density • In general, population density declines with increasing organism size. – Damuth found the population density of herbivorous mammals decreased with increased body size. – Peters and Wassenberg found aquatic invertebrates tend to have higher population densities than terrestrial invertebrates of similar size. • Mammals tend to have higher population densities than birds of similar size. 24 24

Organism Size and Population Density 25 25

Plant Size and Population Density • Plant population density decreases with increasing plant size. – Underlying details are very different. • Tree seedlings can live at very high densities, but as the trees grow, density declines progressively until mature trees are at low densities. 26 26

Commonness and Rarity • Rabinowitz devised commonness classification based on (3) factors: • Geographic Range of Species • Habitat Tolerance • Local Population Size • Populations that are least threatened by extinction, have extensive geographic ranges, broad habitat tolerances, and some large local populations. – All seven other combinations create some kind of rarity. 27 27

Rarity • Rarity I – Extensive Range, Broad Habitat Tolerance, Small Local Populations • Peregrine Falcon • Rarity II – Extensive Rage, Large Populations, Narrow Habitat Tolerance • Passenger Pigeon 28 28

Rarity • Rarity III – Restricted Range, Narrow Habitat Tolerance, Small Populations • California Condor 29 29

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