Population and Urbanization Chapter 16 Population and Urbanization

Population and Urbanization Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization Case Study: Mega Cities Section 1: Population Change Section 2: Urban Life Section 3: Urban Ecology Lab: Applying What You’ve Learned Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Case Study: Mega Cities Enormous cities such as São Paulo, Brazil, are considered megacities, or urban areas with a population of more than 10 million. More than 280 million people live in the world’s 25 megacities. People flock to these cities for work, but large population centers face challenges in providing transportation, energy, health care, and law enforcement. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Section 1 at a Glance Population Change • Three factors affect the growth or decline of a region’s population: the birthrate, the death rate, and the rate of migration. • In the late 1700 s, Thomas Malthus predicted that populations around the world would continue to grow rapidly. His theory also stated that a rapidly growing population would outpace food production, which would cause famine. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Section 1 at a Glance (cont. ) Population Change • Because the demographic transition theory considers a society’s level of technological development, most demographers favor that theory to the Malthusian theory. • Many countries around the world have adopted strategies aimed at controlling their population, such as family planning and economic improvements. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Population Change Main Idea • The world’s population is constantly changing. Demographers study these changes and apply theories to explain them. Reading Focus • How do demographers study world population change? • What theories attempt to explain population change? • Why do some countries want to control population growth? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization A Baby-less Society? Why are the populations of some countries falling? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization World Population Change The rapid population growth of recent years had a tremendous effect on social life. Population: number of people living in an area at a particular time Demography: the study of human populations Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization World Population Change Birthrate • Annual number of live births per 1, 000 members of a population • U. S. rate is 14. 6 • Fertility: number of births occurring to women of childbearing age • Fecundity: biological capability to bear children. Women have the biological capacity to bear between 15 and 30 children, but most women reproduce far fewer than that number. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization World Population Change Death Rate • Annual number of deaths per 1, 000 members of a population • U. S. rate is 8. 5 • Various kinds of death can be calculated to more accurately depict a society’s death rate. • Infant mortality rate: number of death among infants under one year of age per 1, 000 • Industrialized countries have a much lower infant mortality rate. • Life expectancy: average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization World Population Change Migration Rate • Migration: the movement of people from one area to another • Migration rate: annual number of people who move into a specified area per 1, 000 members of that area’s population • Push factors: factors that encourage people to move out of a place. Examples: persecution, famine, racial discrimination, overpopulation • Pull factors: factors that encourage people to move into a place. Examples: religious and political freedom, economic opportunities, high standard of living Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Growth Rate Population Composition • The rate at which a country’s population is increasing • The structure of a population • Age and sex are the factors most often used to show the composition of a population. • Population pyramid: graphic representation of the age and sex distribution of a population • Demographers use population pyramids to help make predictions about future population needs such as health care. • Calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birthrate and usually expressed as percentages • U. S. rate is 0. 6 percent, meaning that about 6 people were added to the population for every 1, 000 members • Growth rates in more-developed countries are typically lower. • A population growth rate of only 1 percent will cause that population to double in size in about 70 years. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Reading Check Summarize What three factors affect a region’s growth or decline in population? Answer: birthrate, death rate, and migration rate Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Explaining Population Change Malthusian Theory • Thomas Malthus proposed that population grew geometrically, and would therefore outstrip the ability to feed everybody. • Two checks on population: • Preventative—lowering birth rate (birth control) • Positive—increasing death rate (war) • Malthus failed to foresee advances in agriculture production and acceptance of birth control. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Explaining Population Change Demographic Transition Theory • Population patterns are tied to a society’s level of technological development. • Stage 1: Preindustrial: birth rate and death rate high; fairly stable population • Stage 2: Developing industrial: reduced death rate and high birthrate; rapidly growing population • Stage 3: Developed industrial: reduced birthrate and low death rate; fairly stable population Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Reading Check Identify Cause and Effect What happens to a population if the birthrate is lower than the death rate? Answer: The population will decrease over time. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Controlling Population Growth The world now contains nearly 6. 2 billion people, and the population continues to grow. Concerns about rapid growth have led to strategies aimed at controlling this growth. Family Planning Economic Improvements • The conscious decision by couples to have a certain number of children • Some critics of family-planning believe that economic development must proceed before people in less-developed nations will voluntarily limit family size. • Involves using birth control • Some countries offer incentives for small families, such as placing fines on additional children. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Reading Check Draw Conclusions How are some nations controlling population growth? Answer: family planning, programs to promote economic development Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Section 2 at a Glance Urban Life • Some sociologists study ways that the movement of populations affects the social world, especially the movement called urbanization. This movement involves the concentration of the population in cities. • Cities first arose about 6, 000 years ago on the fertile banks of major rivers in North Africa and Asia. Many of these early cities were small by modern standards and contained a few thousand people. Most preindustrial cities were very crowded and lacked any kind of sanitation system. As a result, death rates in cities were higher than those in rural areas. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Section 2 at a Glance (cont. ) Urban Life • The industrial city was much larger than the preindustrial city, and commerce was the focal point of urban life. For the first time in history, people worked outside of the home in offices and factories. As industrial cities grew larger, crime, overcrowding and pollution increased. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Urban Life Main Idea Cities have evolved through time, and face many challenges today. Reading Focus • How did cities evolve? • What are some of the challenges cities face today? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization The Past Revisited Do you think you could live in a city without a car? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization The Evolution of the City Urbanization is the concentration of the population into cities. A city is a permanent concentration of a relatively large number of people who are engaged mainly in nonfarming activities. The Preindustrial City The Industrial City • The first cities arose about 6, 000 years ago and grew because of advances in agriculture. • The Industrial Revolution changed life in the cities. • Life in early cities was crowded and dirty. • Commerce and society became the focal point of life instead of the family. • Mechanization of agriculture led people to move to cities. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Click on the image to play the Interactive. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Reading Check Contrast How did the industrial city differ from the preindustrial city? Answer: The industrial city was larger in area and population. Central business districts replaced parts of the city devoted to certain trades. People worked farther away from where they lived, and the family became a less powerful force in controlling the daily life of the individual. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Urban Challenges Today • Urbanization in more-developed countries has usually resulted in increased rates of literacy, greater economic opportunities, and improved health care. • Urbanization in less-developed countries has been less orderly and more rapid. • Overurbanization: a situation in which more people live in a city than can be supported in terms of jobs and facilities. – Inadequate housing, food, sewage disposal, and hospitals – High rates of illness and death Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Reading Check Draw Conclusions How do you think overurbanization can be prevented? Answer: Possible answer—Create more job opportunities for people in areas outside of cities so they will not be drawn into urban areas to find work or services Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Cultural Diversity and Sociology New York City’s Ethnic Neighborhoods Centuries of migration and immigration have shaped New York City into hundreds of distinct ethnic neighborhoods that have come to reflect the diverse cultures of these immigrants. • Lower East Side: large population of Jews, home of the city’s first synagogue • Chinatown: street signs in both English and Chinese, Chinese groceries and restaurants • Jackson Heights: “Little India, ” Bollywood theaters and Indian restaurants, also home to immigrants from Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Russia Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Cultural Diversity and Sociology New York City’s Ethnic Neighborhoods Centuries of migration and immigration have shaped New York City into hundreds of distinct ethnic neighborhoods that have come to reflect the diverse cultures of these immigrants. • Little Italy: not as Italian as it used to be, now more of a tourist destination. Many Italians have moved to Staten Island. • Harlem: center of African American culture and music in the 1920 s, recent economic revitalization • Spanish Harlem: high concentration of Puerto Ricans • Irish New York: about 2 million migrated in mid-1800 s Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Cultural Diversity and Sociology Thinking Critically • How do New York’s ethnic neighborhoods differ? • What influence do you think immigrants have on the city’s culture? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Section 3 at a Glance Urban Ecology • Some sociologists developed urban ecology as an approach to studying cities. This approach examines the relationship between people and the urban environment. • In addition to studying the structure of cities, sociologists are interested in the nature of life in cities. Several theories try to explain city life—urban anomie, compositional, and subcultural. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Urban Ecology Main Idea Researchers have created several models to explain the structure of cities and several theories to explain city life. Reading Focus • What models of city structure are there? • How do some theories explain city life? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization How are cities helping to protect the environment? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Models of City Structure Urban ecology examines the relationship between people and the urban environment. – Human behavior determines the layout of the urban environment, and in turn the urban environment affects human behavior. – Areas of a city are created for set purposes, and as a result, people, buildings, and activities are distributed in certain patterns. Concentric Zone Model • A typical industrial city spreads outward from the center, resulting in a series of circles or zones. • Each zone used differently • Residential areas constantly changing • Geographical features might change structure Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Models of City Structure Sector Model • Growth occurs in wedge-shaped sectors—not concentric circles— outward from the center to the edge of the city. • Transportation routes shape city. Multiple Nuclei Model • A city grows outward from several centers of activity (nuclei), not just one. • Addresses use of automobile in cities • Clustering occurs because it is beneficial: several stores grouped together will attract more customers than one single store. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Urban Ecology Models—A Critique • These three models describe ideal city growth conditions and are not expected to be exact reflections of any one or all urban areas. • They account for previous trends, such as suburbanization, but not some recent trends, such as urban sprawl. – Urban sprawl: poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns • Downtown residential areas are proposed to be low-income in these models, but in reality downtown areas have become high-income residential areas. • Ignore emotional ties of a population to a particular location. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Reading Check Summarize What are the models of city structure? Answer: concentric zone, sector, multiple nuclei Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Theories of City Life Urban Anomie Theory • Anomie means “normlessness. ” • Theory proposed by Louis Wirth. • The city is an anonymous and unfriendly place, and living there carries serious negative consequences for residents. • Cities discourage primary group relationships. This lack of primary relationships produces anomie. • Contact with others is short-lived, formal, and shallow. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Theories of City Life Compositional Theory • The composition of a city’s population influences city life. • Age, race, ethnicity, education, income, and occupation affect urban lifestyle. • Five identifiable lifestyles among city dwellers Subcultural Theory • Characteristics of the city encourages primary group relationships. People form groups around interests. • Because of the city’s size and diversity, people can find others who share their interests and lifestyles. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Reading Check Explain How does the subcultural theory describe the formation of relationships? Answer: Since there are many people in cities who might share one’s interests, there also more opportunities to form associations and friendships with people. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Lab: Applying What You’ve Learned Analyzing World Population Statistics How does the population of the United States differ from the population of other countries? 1. Introduction • In this lab, you will analyze population statistics for the United States and for another country. • Work in pairs to research a country and find statistics for both countries. 2. Compiling Statistics and Creating a Poster • Enter your statistics in a chart. • Add your chart and a title to a piece of poster board. • Print the population pyramids you found add those. • Finally, add photographs or illustrations that explain the data. Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Population and Urbanization Lab (cont. ) 3. Presenting Your Poster 4. Discussion • Work with your partner to decide who will present which parts of the poster. • What did you learn from this lab? As a group, discuss the following: • Talk about the following: • What differences and similarities among countries did you find? • Statistics tables • Population pyramids • Comparing the two countries • Explaining the illustrations • Do you think the growth rate of a country affects its society? Explain. • Which assigned country has the lowest birthrate? • Which assigned country has the largest percentage of teenagers? Original Content Copyright © Holt Mc. Dougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.