Polymer Nanocomposites by QED induced EUV crosslinking Thomas

Polymer Nanocomposites by QED induced EUV cross-linking Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Berlin, Germany 1 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Introduction Nanocomposites comprising NPs in a polymer are observed to display significantly enhanced mechanical properties NP = Nanoparticle Enhancement thought to be a nanoscale interphase but the mechanism is not well understood Nanocomposite design cannot proceed without knowing the properties of the interphase Tensile tests are not possible - the interphase is nanoscopic Cannot make nanoscale tensile specimens !!! 2 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Alternatives Use MD to derive the interphase properties MD = molecular dynamics. But MD based on Lennard-Jones or ab-initio potentials can never be shown to duplicate the stress-strain curve of the interphase that is unknown !!! or Use FE with assumed stress-strain curves to simulate experiments on prototype nanocomposite designs FE = finite element, e. g. , ANSYS But then no need for FE simulation Just build and test !!! 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014 3

Proposal Select cross-linking mechanisms for polymer enhancement Fabricate representative macroscopic tensile specimen Use tensile tests to determine stress-strain curves Perform MD or FE analysis of prototype design Compare with prototype experimental tests Repeat until convergence 4 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Cross-linking Polymers are enhanced by cross-linking Radical polymerization may be dismissed as enhancements are observed without photo initiators. UV cross-linking requires UV source, yet enhancement occurs even if the polymer does not UV cross-link EM = electromagnetic Only if the EM radiation reaches EUV levels do ALL polymers cross-link. EUV = extreme ultraviolet. 5 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

EUV Source The source of EUV radiation is the QED induced EM radiation emitted from the NPs QED = quantum electrodynamics 6 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Heat Capacity The EUV is produced upon the absorption of heat during thermal processing the NPs under the restrictions on heat capacity imposed by QM. QM = quantum mechanics. QM requires the heat capacity of the NP to vanish 7 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Planck Energy - E - e. V QM Heat Capacity 0. 1 Classical physics (k. T > 0) 0. 01 k. T 0. 0258 e. V QM (k. T = 0) 0. 001 0. 0001 1 E-05 Nanoparticles 1 10 100 Thermal Wavelength - l - microns In NPs, the atom heat capacity vanishes by QM 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014 8

Conservation of Energy Lack of heat capacity by QM precludes conservation of heat in NPs by an increase in temperature, but how does conservation proceed? Proposal Absorbed EM energy is conserved by QED inducing EM radiation in the surface of the NPs - by frequency up or down conversion to the TIR resonance of the NP TIR = total internal reflection NPs are the EUV source for polymerization 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014 9

TIR Confinement the refractive index of the NPs is greater than that of surroundings, the proposed EM radiation is confined by TIR NPs have high surface to volume ratio. Heat is absorbed almost totally in the NP surface. The NP surface confines the TIR wavelength f=c/n/ Heat = D D E = hf = D 10 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Analysis QED Wavelength - - nm 1000 100 Silicon Zinc Oxide 10 EUV 1 UV + VIS EUV UV + VIS 0. 1 1 10 100 NP diameter - d - nm The QED emission is in the EUV for d < 10 nm and otherwise in the UV and VIS. 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014 11

EUV Irradiation Prepare polymer tensile specimens, (say < 1 mm) diameter of the natural polymer Determine the wavelength of the EUV emission expected from the NP diameter and refractive index Irradiate the specimen with EUV radiation Heat EUV wavelength = 2 nd d – coating thickness Perform tensile tests of the EUV irradiated specimens 12 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Conclusions QED induced radiation based on QM is proposed to provide both a theoretical and experimental basis to the rational design of polymer nanocomposites. EUV cross-linking is the mechanism by which ALL polymers polymerize in nanocomposites Anyone interested in developing QED process? 13 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

Extensions Moore’s law says the number of transistors on a chip should double every two years Lithography is required that shrinks transistor geometry by 30% every two years In sustaining Moore’s law in the future, the EUV light source is the “holy grail” of chip development 14 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

EUV and Moore‘s law In the next generation of chips, the EUV source using LPP lithography at 13. 5 nm is challenging Moore’s law LPP = laser produced plasma LPP uses high power CO 2 lasers to vaporize solid targets, the atomic emission producing 13. 5 nm EUV light LPP lithography is both complex and very expensive Proposed QED lithography is simple and inexpensive EUV wavelength = 2 n d d = coating thickness 15 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014

EUV Light Sources LPP QED induces the heat supplied to the backside of the spherical lens to be converted to EUV using d ~ 3 nm zinc oxide coating on the lens front surface Any interests in developing QED lithography? 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014 16

Questions & Papers Email: nanoqed@gmail. com http: //www. nanoqed. org 4 th Inter. Conf. Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties - NAP, Lviv, Sept. 20 -27, 2014 17