Polyaspartic Coating Technology Improving Productivity without Sacrificing Performance

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Polyaspartic Coating Technology – Improving Productivity without Sacrificing Performance Todd Williams (presenter) Ahren Olson

Polyaspartic Coating Technology – Improving Productivity without Sacrificing Performance Todd Williams (presenter) Ahren Olson covestro. com © Covestro LLC 2016

Learning Objectives § Polyaspartic coatings • History • Basic chemistry • Value proposition §

Learning Objectives § Polyaspartic coatings • History • Basic chemistry • Value proposition § Coating applications • Direct-to-metal (blasted steel) • 2 -Coat systems (over organic zinc primer) § Formulating polyaspartics • Pot life issues • Next generation of polyaspartic hardeners © Covestro LLC 2016

Evolution of coatings binders at Covestro (Bayer) Polyaspartics is next generation of protective coatings

Evolution of coatings binders at Covestro (Bayer) Polyaspartics is next generation of protective coatings Bayer synthesizes chlorinated rubber binders 1970 s – 1990 s 1940 s 1960 s Bayer invents aromatic polyurethane coatings © Covestro LLC 2016 Bayer invents aliphatic polyurethane topcoats Bayer invents polyaspartics 2000 s – today 1990 s – today Bayer invents waterborne polyurethanes

Polyaspartics Coatings Evolution - Over 10 Years Proven Performance Industrial Maintenance 2 nd Generation

Polyaspartics Coatings Evolution - Over 10 Years Proven Performance Industrial Maintenance 2 nd Generation Polyaspartic Coatings Commercialized Concrete Floor Application Polyaspartic Resin Invented 1992 1998 © Covestro LLC 2016 Industrial Maintenance Polyaspartic Coatings Commercialized 2000 2002 2003 2 nd Generation Polyaspartics Invented 2011 2013

Polyaspartics differ from polyurethanes in that no tin catalyst is required – thick films

Polyaspartics differ from polyurethanes in that no tin catalyst is required – thick films R R’ N C O + R Water Catalyst H N O R R R’ N C N X H Isocyanate Aspartate X Aliphatic Urea O + R N C O R’ OH R N Tin Catalyst Isocyanate Polyol © Covestro LLC 2016 C OR’ H Urethane Also catalyzes water / isocyanate reaction yielding CO 2 gas and limits film thickness

Polyaspartic Resins Polyaspartic Structure © Covestro LLC 2016 Viscosity (c. Ps) Pot Life (min)

Polyaspartic Resins Polyaspartic Structure © Covestro LLC 2016 Viscosity (c. Ps) Pot Life (min) 100 <5 1000 20 1200 480

Humidity catalyzes polyaspartic reaction – dry times effected by environmental conditions 120 Reaction Conversion

Humidity catalyzes polyaspartic reaction – dry times effected by environmental conditions 120 Reaction Conversion (%) Hard Dry 100% Humidity 80 60 40 20 0% Humidity 0 0 10 20 30 40 Time (min) © Covestro LLC 2016 50 60 70

Hard dry time vs. humidity – only slight effect since water is catalytic 2

Hard dry time vs. humidity – only slight effect since water is catalytic 2 Hard dry time (hours) 1. 8 1. 6 1. 4 1. 2 1 HDI Trimer 0. 8 HDI / IPDI Crosslinker 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 % RH § For 0. 8 hour hard dry time at 50% relative humidity v 1 hour at 30% relative humidity v 0. 3 hour at 95% relative humidity © Covestro LLC 2016

Typical Polyaspartics Coatings Applications Floors Gel Coats Polyaspartic Coatings General Industrial © Covestro LLC

Typical Polyaspartics Coatings Applications Floors Gel Coats Polyaspartic Coatings General Industrial © Covestro LLC 2016 Protective

Value Proposition: improved productivity lowering overall cost by reducing number of layers and cure

Value Proposition: improved productivity lowering overall cost by reducing number of layers and cure time Polyaspartic Topcoat Epoxy Intermediate Polyurethane Topcoat Standard for Moderate Corrosive Environment (C 3 – Rural / Inland) Zinc Rich Primer Epoxy Intermediate Polyurethane Topcoat Standard for Severe Corrosive Environment (C 4/C 5 - Coastal / Industrial) Direct-to-Metal Polyaspartic provides equivalent performance Zinc Rich Primer Polyaspartic Topcoat Polyaspartic 2 -coat provides equivalent performance © Covestro LLC 2016

Modern DTM Industrial Maintenance Coatings Advances in DTM one-coat solutions § Equivalent performance to

Modern DTM Industrial Maintenance Coatings Advances in DTM one-coat solutions § Equivalent performance to multi-coat systems § Increases productivity and reduces complexity § Advantages for both shop and field maintenance painting Polyurethane Topcoat Epoxy Primer © Covestro LLC 2016 DTM Epoxy, Polysiloxane, Polyaspartic, Polyurethane

Diffusion of Water / Ions in Coatings is Proportional to Film Thickness 2 Ions

Diffusion of Water / Ions in Coatings is Proportional to Film Thickness 2 Ions Permeate to Substrate § Driven by osmotic forces and polymer free volume § Saturation time proportional to the thickness 2 § ISO 12944 recommends minimum film builds for durability © Covestro LLC 2016 H 2 O + Cl. D Where t= saturation time, L = thickness, and D = diffusivity rate

Application and physical property advantages of polyaspartic coatings Application Ø Fast cure with hours

Application and physical property advantages of polyaspartic coatings Application Ø Fast cure with hours of potlife Ø Low VOC (<250 g/L no exempt solvents) Ø No blistering at high film builds Ø No blushing / sweat-in time Physical Properties Ø High initial gloss Ø Easy to apply Ø Color and gloss retention Ø Excellent corrosion resistance © Covestro LLC 2016

Polyaspartic coatings can be used anywhere a traditional epoxy / urethane system is used

Polyaspartic coatings can be used anywhere a traditional epoxy / urethane system is used – atmospheric service only Stadiums Oil and Gas Piping Storage Tanks Wind Turbine Towers © Covestro LLC 2016 Safety Colors Frac Tanks

Increasing Painting Throughput Time savings of 8 hours by using 2 -coat polyaspartic Epoxy

Increasing Painting Throughput Time savings of 8 hours by using 2 -coat polyaspartic Epoxy Zinc Primer Two-Coat 1 Epoxy Intermediate Polyurethane Polyaspartic 2 Total Hours to Hard Dry 3 Three-Coat 1 4 6 Total Hours to Hard Dry 11 © Covestro LLC 2016

Shorter cure times = less blast media pickup 2 hr cure 6 hr cure

Shorter cure times = less blast media pickup 2 hr cure 6 hr cure Polysiloxane © Covestro LLC 2016 Polyaspartic Polyurethane

Low Temperature Curing – polyaspartic cures rapidly at low temperature – moisture catalyst not

Low Temperature Curing – polyaspartic cures rapidly at low temperature – moisture catalyst not reagent Pendulum Hardness vs Cure Time (Days) at 50% RH 140 120 Pendulum Hardness (sec) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 Cure Time (Days) © Covestro LLC 2016 8 10 12 Polyaspartic 75 F Polyester Urerthane 75 F Polyaspartic 40 F Epoxy 75 F Epoxy 40 F Polyester urethane 40 F

QUV-A Weatherability Polyaspartics comparable to industrial maintenance polyurethane 100% 90% 80% Gloss Retention 70%

QUV-A Weatherability Polyaspartics comparable to industrial maintenance polyurethane 100% 90% 80% Gloss Retention 70% DTM Epoxy 1 60% DTM Epoxy 2 Polysiloxane 50% Polyaspartic 1 40% Polyaspartic 2 Polyaspartic 3 30% Epoxy / Polyurethane 20% 10% 0% 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Hours UV-A Exposure © Covestro LLC 2016 1400 1600 1800 2000

DTM polyaspartics have superior corrosion resistance 1680 hours prohesion Polysiloxane Polyaspartic © Covestro LLC

DTM polyaspartics have superior corrosion resistance 1680 hours prohesion Polysiloxane Polyaspartic © Covestro LLC 2016 1000 hours salt fog

DTM - similar physical properties to epoxy / urethane in one coat Test Polyaspartic

DTM - similar physical properties to epoxy / urethane in one coat Test Polyaspartic Epoxy / Urethane Polysiloxane % elongation 27 20 0 Direct impact resistance (in-lb) 100 20 20 Wet adhesion 5 A 5 A 5 A Dry adhesion 5 A 5 A 5 A Hard dry (hr) 2 8 6. 5 Salt fog scribe creep @ 1000 hours (mm) 0. 9 0. 4 2. 4 Prohesion scribe creep @ 1680 hours (mm) 0. 6 Not tested 2. 1 © Covestro LLC 2016

Direct-to-Metal Case History - Railcars 2002 - Freshly painted DTM 2013 - 11 years

Direct-to-Metal Case History - Railcars 2002 - Freshly painted DTM 2013 - 11 years of service from Gulf Coast to Northeast v Originally painted - 2002 v Less than 1% rusting after 11 years in service v 30% reduction in labor cost vs. epoxy / urethane © Covestro LLC 2016

3 -Coats to 2 -Coats…Does This Really Work? Validated through 3 rd party accelerated

3 -Coats to 2 -Coats…Does This Really Work? Validated through 3 rd party accelerated testing 2004 - NTPEP (National Transportation Product Evaluation Program) 2006 - FHWA (Federal Highway association) 2008 - CPTP (Cooperative Paint Testing Program) 2014 - NTPEP (National Transportation Product Evaluation Program) 2 -coat system passes ISO 12944 C 5 High performance criteria © Covestro LLC 2016

FHWA study confirms two-coat system as comparable performance to threecoat Coating System Accelerated 5000

FHWA study confirms two-coat system as comparable performance to threecoat Coating System Accelerated 5000 Sea Isle City, hours – Scribe Creep NJ – 2 years MCU Zinc / MCU / Aliphatic PU 1. 7 mm 1. 0 mm Epoxy Zinc / Epoxy / Aliphatic PU 1. 4 mm 0. 0 mm IOZ / Epoxy / Aliphatic PU 2. 8 mm 1. 7 mm Epoxy Zinc / Polyaspartic (1) 0. 8 mm 0. 0 mm Epoxy Zinc / Polyaspartic (2) 1. 6 mm 1. 3 mm MCU Zinc / Polyaspartic (1) 3. 3 mm 0. 0 mm MCU Zinc / Polyaspartic (2) 3. 3 mm 1. 5 mm “…two-coat systems performed comparably to the conventional three-coat, zinc-rich primer/epoxy/polyurethane systems…new two-coat, zinc-rich coating systems can replace three-coat systems… At the same time, painting costs and traffic congestion will be reduced…” FHWA - HRT-2006 -006 © Covestro LLC 2016

NTPEP Evaluation of Two-Coat System Against NEPCOAT criteria Test Method Epoxy Zinc Primer Polyaspartic

NTPEP Evaluation of Two-Coat System Against NEPCOAT criteria Test Method Epoxy Zinc Primer Polyaspartic topcoat NEPCOAT Performance Criteria Salt Fog ASTM B 117 5000 hours Blister Conversion = 10 Blister Conversion = 7 Avg Rust Creep @ Scribe 0. 1 mm Avg Rust Creep @ Scribe ≤ 4. 0 mm Max Rust Creep @ Scribe 1. 5 mm Max Rust Creep @ Scribe ≤ 8. 0 mm Blister Conversion = 10 Blister Conversion = 8 Avg Rust Creep @ Scribe 1. 8 mm Avg Rust Creep @ Scribe ≤ 4 mm Max Rust Creep @ Scribe 3. 7 mm Max Rust Creep @ Scribe ≤ 8 mm Avg System ≥ 2800 psi 350 psi (avg) Prohesion ASTM D 5894 5000 hours ASTM D 4541 Tensile Adhesion © Covestro LLC 2016 Source: http: //data. ntpep. org

CPTP Evaluation of Two-Coat System Validates Performance Alberta Transportation and British Columbia Ministry of

CPTP Evaluation of Two-Coat System Validates Performance Alberta Transportation and British Columbia Ministry of Transportation Cooperative Paint Testing Program (CPTP) 2008 3015 hours of ASTM D 5894 Cyclic Weathering Primer Midcoat Finish Coat Scribe Undercut Reinforced Inorganic Phenalkamine Zinc Acrylic Polyurethane 1 mm Organic Zinc Acrylic Polyurethane 1 mm Reinforced Inorganic None Zinc Polyaspartic 1. 5 mm Organic Zinc Polyaspartic 1 mm Epoxy Polyamide None O’Donoghue, M. , et. al (2013) Innovative Coating Systems for Steel Bridges: A Review of Developments Journal of Protective Coatings and Linings, January 2013, 34 -52. © Covestro LLC 2016

Two-Coat Case Study - Connecticut I-84 Overpass Eastbound - Polyaspartic 2 -coat 2013 Westbound

Two-Coat Case Study - Connecticut I-84 Overpass Eastbound - Polyaspartic 2 -coat 2013 Westbound - Polyurethane 3 -coat 2013 v Originally painted - 2003 v In 2010, 3 rd party inspector reported less than 2% corrosion v Direct savings of $6 / ft 2 and indirect savings of $18 / ft 2 v 30% faster → 24% cost reduction - traffic rerouting, labor Castler B. International Bridge Conference, Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, PA, June 10, 2003. © Covestro LLC 2016

Formulating Polyaspartics for Protective Applications covestro. com

Formulating Polyaspartics for Protective Applications covestro. com

Formulating Polyaspartics Similar to 2 K SB PU Pot life control Other issues to

Formulating Polyaspartics Similar to 2 K SB PU Pot life control Other issues to consider § Fast / slow resin ratio § Flexible isocyanates § Wet pigments § Sag Resistance § Molecular sieves • Thixotrope § Solvent concentration • Solvent evaporation rate § Aldimines § Wet adhesion additives § Isocyanate reactivity/functionality § Tint base effects § Production under inert atmosphere © Covestro LLC 2016

Dissolved Water Reduces Pot Life – Trimer and standard polyaspartic reaction © Covestro LLC

Dissolved Water Reduces Pot Life – Trimer and standard polyaspartic reaction © Covestro LLC 2016

HDI / IPDI Prepolymers nd Crosslinkers – 2 Generation of Polyaspartics covestro. com ©

HDI / IPDI Prepolymers nd Crosslinkers – 2 Generation of Polyaspartics covestro. com © Covestro LLC 2016 30

Comparison of IPDI / HDI prepolymer versus traditional HDI trimer crosslinker HDI Trimer •

Comparison of IPDI / HDI prepolymer versus traditional HDI trimer crosslinker HDI Trimer • 3000 cps at 100% solids • ~ 21. 8% NCO • Equivalent wt. - 193 g/mol NCO © Covestro LLC 2016 IPDI / HDI Prepolymer • 2000 cps at 86% solids • ~10% NCO • Equivalent wt. - 412 g/mol NCO • Reduced hydantoin -- shrinkage

IPDI / HDI – Crosslinker designed for polyaspartics • • • More robust in

IPDI / HDI – Crosslinker designed for polyaspartics • • • More robust in high temperature and humidity Increased recoat window from days to months Improved water resistance Improved prohesion Decreased shrinkage © Covestro LLC 2016

IPDI / HDI crosslinker – Reduces drying time sensitivity to humidity Cure Time at

IPDI / HDI crosslinker – Reduces drying time sensitivity to humidity Cure Time at Elevated Conditions IPDI / HDI Prepolymer 95˚F / 90% RH 77˚F / 88% RH 72˚F / 50% RH HDI Trimer 0 20 40 Minutes © Covestro LLC 2016 60

IPDI / HDI Prepolymer – Improved cyclic prohesion Inorganic Zinc Primer (3 -4 mils)

IPDI / HDI Prepolymer – Improved cyclic prohesion Inorganic Zinc Primer (3 -4 mils) Polyaspartic Topcoat (6 -9 mils) Trimer IPDI / HDI Prepolymer 7056 hours ASTM D 5894 © Covestro LLC 2016 Organic Zinc Primer (3 -4 mils) Polyaspartic Topcoat (6 -9 mils) Trimer IPDI / HDI Prepolymer 7056 hours ASTM D 5894

HDI / IPDI Prepolymer– Improved Recoat Window 1 year in field recoat in Baytown,

HDI / IPDI Prepolymer– Improved Recoat Window 1 year in field recoat in Baytown, TX Organic Zinc Rich Primer Polyaspartic Topcoat Inorganic Zinc Rich Primer Polyaspartic Topcoat Power wash @ 3000 PSI - Adhesion 1000 - 2400 psi © Covestro LLC 2016

Prepolymer reduces shrinkage and increases recoatability § Hydantoin ring is thermodynamically favored product §

Prepolymer reduces shrinkage and increases recoatability § Hydantoin ring is thermodynamically favored product § Leads to shrinkage – especially at high builds (15 -20 mils) § Reduce shrinkage by reducing urea linkages – prepolymer § IPDI increases glass transition slows down hydantoin kinetics © Covestro LLC 2016

Key Takeaways § Polyaspartics are amines with low reactivity § Commercial applications: flooring, industrial

Key Takeaways § Polyaspartics are amines with low reactivity § Commercial applications: flooring, industrial maintenance, general industrial and gelcoats § Moisture catalysis § Replace epoxy / polyurethanes in atmospheric conditions in a single, thick coating application layer increasing productivity § Provide excellent corrosion resistance and cure at low temperatures 37 © Covestro LLC 2016

More Information? Contact Todd Williams Todd. Williams@Covestro. com 412 -413 -2167

More Information? Contact Todd Williams Todd. Williams@Covestro. com 412 -413 -2167