Polje primjene Beke konvencije o ugovorima o meunarodnoj

Polje primjene Bečke konvencije o ugovorima o međunarodnoj prodaji robe

Polje primjene BK ratione personae �stranke iz različitih država �ograničenje – čl. 1. st. 2. • “The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract. ” • načelo dobre vjere

Polje primjene BK ratione personae � pitanje sjedišta ugovorne strane � čl. 1. st. 3. BK • “Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention. ” � nije odlučna nacionalnost ugovorne strane � nije odlučan status ugovorne strane (povezano s pitanjem kada se Konvencija ne primjenjuje po čl. 2(a))

Čl. 10. BK � For the purposes of this Convention: • (a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract; • (b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.

Polje primjene BK ratione personae �prodaja robe �pokretnine • što su pokretnine �ne barter • ali da dva povezana ugovora o prodaji �pitanje mješovitih ugovora (npr. distribucija) �povezano s pitanjem čl. 3. BK

Polje primjene BK ratione personae �čl. 92 – primjena Konvencije samo na sklapanje ugovora ili samo na ugovor (prava i obveze stranaka) �čl. 93. – primjena Konvencije u saveznim državama �čl. 94. primjena Konvencije u odnosu stranaka iz država koje imaju posebna regionalna pravila za prodaju

BK se primjenjuje �(a) when the States are Contracting States; or �(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.

Praznine u BK �vanjske i unutarnje praznine �vanjske praznine • • čl. 4. čl. 5. čl. 2. čl. 3.

Čl. 4. BK � This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with: • (a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage; • (b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.

Čl. 4. BK � izričito je određeno da Konvencija uređuje samo • sklapanje ugovora • prava i obveze strana ugovora � Konvencija ne uređuje (primjerice određeno izričito – “in particular”) • valjanost ugovora �oblik ugovora – čl. 11, 12, 96. BK �pravna sposobnost stranaka (zastupanje) • prijenos vlasništva � Konvencija ne uređuje niti npr. • zastaru • cesiju • stjecanje bez osnove

Čl. 5. BK �This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person

Čl. 2. BK � This Convention does not apply to sales: • (a) of goods bought for personal, family or household • • • use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; (b) by auction; (c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; (d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money; (e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft; (f) of electricity.

Čl. 2. �nije bitno tko je stranka ugovora, nego koja mu je svrha • de facto “trgovački ugovori”, ali ne u smislu pojma trgovačkog ugovora u nacionalnom pravu

Čl. 3. BK � (1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production. � (2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labor or other services.

“Unutarnje praznine” BK �pitanja koja Konvencija uređuje, ali ne rješava (“governed but not expressly settled”) • • • npr. battle of forms teret dokaza način pregleda robe prijelaz rizika kamate

Popunjavanje unutarnjih praznina BK �opća načela na kojima se Konvencija temelji • neka su u Konvenciji određena izričito ili jasno iz nje proizlaze • neka se tumače analogijom • dobra vjera – čl. 7/1 - nije samo posebno načelo, nego je i načelo na kojem se temelje sva ostala pravila

Opća načela na kojima se BK temelji � autonomija stranaka – čl. 6 � neformalnost – čl. 11. � Pacta sunt servanda � primjena običaja � prijelaz rizika – čl. 67. i 69, pa analogijom proizlazi i u čl. 68. � računanje praznika – samo u čl. 20/2, ali proizlazi da to vrijedi i za ostale slučajeve � non venire contra factum proprium/ estoppel

Non venire contra factum proprium �ARTICLE 1. 8 UNIDROIT A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.

Freedom of contract � Art 1: 102: PECL (1) Parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its contents, subject to the requirements of good faith and fair dealing, and the mandatory rules established by these Principles. � ARTICLE 1. 1 UNIDROIT The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.

Opća načela na kojima se BK temelji �zabrana nanošenja štete i zlouporabe prava �tumačenje izjava i ponašanja stranaka po objektivnom mjerilu �obveza suradnje (duty to cooperate) �obveza obavještavanja (duty to communicate) �standard razumnosti (razumna osoba, razuman rok)

Čl. 1: 302 PECL � Reasonableness Under these Principles reasonableness is to be judged by what persons acting in good faith and in the same situation as the parties would consider to be reasonable. In particular, in assessing what is reasonable the nature and purpose of the contract, the circumstances of the case, and the usages and practices of the trades or professions involved should be taken into account.

Opća načela na kojima se BK temelji � favor contractus � istodobnost činidaba � računanje vremena – čl. � teorija prijema (čl. 24) 20/1 • čl. 47/2 – određenje dodatnog vremena za ispunjenje • • obveze prodavatelja čl. 48/4 obavijesta prodavatelja kupcu da kaže hoće li primiti zakašnjelo ispunjenje čl. 63/2 čl. 65/1. i 2. čl. 79/4

Čl. 24. BK �For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention "reaches" the addressee when it is made orally to him or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing address or, if he does not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence.

Opća načela na kojima se BK temelji �teorija odašiljanja (čl. 27) • iznimke su slučajevi valjanosti ponude i prihvata (čl. 15, 18/2 BK) �prijeboj – proizlazi iz čl. 84/2

Čl. 84 BK �(1) If the seller is bound to refund the price, he must also pay interest on it, from the date on which the price was paid. �(2) The buyer must account to the seller for all benefits which he has derived from the goods or part of them: • (a) if. . . . or • (b) if. . . .

Što nisu opća načela BK �kamatna stopa �uračunavanje plaćanja

Članak 7/2 BK �Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

Čl. 7/1 BK �In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.

Tumačenje BK I � jedinstvenost • • primjene praksa sudova i arbitraža (praksa US sudova) baze podataka različiti pravni krugovi i tradicije usko povezano s pitanjem međunarodnog karaktera Konvencije � međunarodni karakter Konvencije • ono što doista ima međunarodni karakter • ne nacionalna prava • ne nacionalni običaji (čl. 9. st. 1. BK)

Čl. 9. BK � (1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed. . . . � (2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.

Tumačenje BK II �objektivno tumačenje – Konvencija kao autonoman instrument • doslovno tumačenje odredaba �više jezika – koji ima prednost • travaux preparatoires �ako nešto nije dogovoreno, jasno da nije riješeno �ako se o nečemu uopće nije raspravljalo, kako tumačiti �čl. 8. - ne tiče se pitanja tumačenja Konvencije

Čl. 8. BK � (1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was. � (2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances. � (3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.

Članak 7/2 BK �Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

Popunjavanje praznina, ako nema općih načela �pravila MPP