Political Transformations Empires and Encounters 1450 1750 Chapter
- Slides: 20
Political Transformations: Empires and Encounters 1450 -1750 Chapter 13
Colonial Societies in the Americas • Spanish, Portuguese, British, French • Wholly new societies • Mercantilism: Colonies provided markets for goods and bullion. • Comparisons? – Catholic Spain and Protestant England – Type of economy – Urbanized Mesoamerican and Andean natives versus rural villages of North America – Role of women
Spanish Colonies • Long before British and French • Economic foundation: commercial agriculture, silver and gold mining • Encomienda: The Spanish crown granted to particular Spanish settlers a number of local native people from whom they could require labor, gold, or agricultural produce and to whom they owed “protection” and instruction in the Christian faith. • Repartimiento/Mita: same but with more control from the Spain, seen more as a tax/tribute, a certain % of natives were required to work for the estate owners for a certain amount of days • Hacienda: the owners of the large estates directly employed native workers
Social Structure of Colonial Latin America Chapter 13
Colonial Latin American Caste System • When Spanish and Portuguese colonies were established in central and south America a caste system formed. (castas) • One’s social class was directly tied to how “pure” his blood was and his place of birth. • The kings wanted to keep the colonies under their control and only have “loyal” people in office.
Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattoes Amerindians Zambos Africans
Peninsulares • “pure blood” ? ? ? • From the Iberian Peninsula • Highest social class and the only class which could hold high office (church, military, administrative) • Spain wanted to keep loyalty of colonial leaders.
Creoles • • • Born in Americas Land-owning Elite Could not hold highest positions In 1800 s will rebel against peninsulares in wars of independence
Mestizos • Of Spanish and Amerindian descent • Spanish and Portuguese men married native women and had families.
Mulattoes = Spanish and African descent Zambos = Amerindian and African descent
Africans • Many Africans were brought over from Africa to the colonies as slaves. • Some of these Africans would escape from a plantation and find their way to native villages. • Natives were usually sympathetic to the African people.
Factions by Fractions • There were various levels in society, in between the main groups, based on blood quantum. Example: Castizos = ¾ European, no more than ¼ Amerindian • Derogatory Slurs
Comparisons • Spanish and Portuguese colonies differed in that Africans were not a huge factor in Spanish colonial society but were in Portuguese society. • North American colonization was different in that women were colonists. There was not a shortage of women like in Meso and South America. Less racial mixing. • In North America three main groups: white, red and black; in Spanish and Portuguese colonies many mixed-race groups
Settler Colonies in North America • Many British settlers wanted to escape Old World society and start over, not recreate what they had. • They could escape class restrictions of England. • More British settlers came to New World than Spanish or Portuguese. • Protestants not as interested in spreading Christianity as Catholics, but provided more literacy. • More local self-government, joint-stock companies and royal charters. British crown relatively unconcerned with colonies.
Russian Empire • From Moscow to world’s largest state (15001800) • Brought the steppes and Siberia under its control • Submission to Tsar, yasak (tribute), and Christianity • Settlers put pressure on pastoralists/nomads • Russified
Russian Empire • Became multi-ethnic through conquest (Slavs, pastoralists, Siberians) • Wealth in agriculture, furs, mineral deposits • Peter the Great: 1689 -1725, westernization and modernization • Catherine the Great: 1762 -1796, Enlightened despot
Asian Empires
Mughal Empire in India
Ottoman Empire
- Chapter 5 political transformations empires and encounters
- Political transformations empires and encounters
- Land based empires 1450 to 1750
- Russian empire 1750
- Mughal empire 1450 to 1750
- Fur trade ap world history
- Japan 1450-1750
- Religion in 1450 to 1750
- Southeast asia 1450 to 1750
- Russian empire 1450-1750
- Change analysis chart 1450 to 1750
- Maritime based empires a comparison chart
- Chapter 22 traditions and encounters
- Chapter 22 transoceanic encounters and global connections
- Chapter 18 colonial encounters in asia and africa
- Chapter 23 transoceanic encounters and global connections
- Chapter 22 transoceanic encounters and global connections
- Traditions and encounters chapter 20
- Transoceanic encounters and global connections
- Three worlds meet quizlet
- Module 10 expansion exploration and encounters