Political Geography I State and Nation A state

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Political Geography

Political Geography

I. State and Nation A. state: political unit (interchangeably with country) B. nation: a

I. State and Nation A. state: political unit (interchangeably with country) B. nation: a tightly knit group of people (usually having similarities: culture, language, religion, etc. ) e. g. Yugoslavia is a state but not a nationalism - loyalty to a nation/ sense of inclusion

Former Yugoslavia State not a nation Fellmann

Former Yugoslavia State not a nation Fellmann

Stateless Nations – Have no national Territory e. g. 1990 Palestinian Arabs 6. 5

Stateless Nations – Have no national Territory e. g. 1990 Palestinian Arabs 6. 5 million (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria) Palestinian are stateless people

Kurdistan 20 million Kurds Turkey & Iraq = very volatile relationship Kurds desire territory

Kurdistan 20 million Kurds Turkey & Iraq = very volatile relationship Kurds desire territory or at least autonomous control of land in Iraq and Turkey KURD = Stateless people

Concept: Nation-State Ideal: built on homogeneity of territory (PLACE) & culture Politically organized Sovereignty:

Concept: Nation-State Ideal: built on homogeneity of territory (PLACE) & culture Politically organized Sovereignty: final authority over territories political & military affairs Example - Japan Ethnic Groups in Japanese 99% Picture Here

Geographic Characteristics of States

Geographic Characteristics of States

A. Territory Size-micro vs macro Does Size =Power? No Greater land area may equal

A. Territory Size-micro vs macro Does Size =Power? No Greater land area may equal greater resources Could lead to problems with regulating area (communication & transportation) Vatican Map Micro State - Vatican Map CIA Factbook. online

Size is not necessarily an indicator for success Russia Land Area: 6, 550. 7

Size is not necessarily an indicator for success Russia Land Area: 6, 550. 7 sq m Purchasing Power Parity $9700 (2002) United States Land Area: 3, 787. 4 Purchasing Power Parity $36, 300 (2002) CIA Factbook. online

B. Territory Shape Fellmann 423

B. Territory Shape Fellmann 423

1. Compact State: (circle shape) IDEAL the distance from any point of the country

1. Compact State: (circle shape) IDEAL the distance from any point of the country to its center is about the same. supposed to provide the most geographic stability e. g. Poland, Iceland, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe

2. Fragmented State consisting of 2 or more pieces can make some interactions within

2. Fragmented State consisting of 2 or more pieces can make some interactions within the country more difficult e. g. Philippines

3. Elongated Hello down there! Can create separatist areas due to distance from center

3. Elongated Hello down there! Can create separatist areas due to distance from center or core Vietnam, Chile, Norway

4. Prorupt States An area that extends from a compact area Can create room

4. Prorupt States An area that extends from a compact area Can create room for factions geographically India, Southern Thailand

5. Perforated State broken by another country 1. exclaves: separated from the state by

5. Perforated State broken by another country 1. exclaves: separated from the state by another state e. g. Azerbaijan (Fellmann 347) 2. enclaves: surrounded by another state e. g. Christian Armenia b. e. g. South Africa. Lesotho

Big Theme Territory size & shape can influence political stability, but can not determine

Big Theme Territory size & shape can influence political stability, but can not determine social, political, or economic well being.

Boundaries

Boundaries

What is a boundary? Boundary: a vertical plane that cuts through the airspace and

What is a boundary? Boundary: a vertical plane that cuts through the airspace and ground to determine ownership

Problems Boundaries Lack of knowledge of underground resources when boundaries were created 1990 Kuwait

Problems Boundaries Lack of knowledge of underground resources when boundaries were created 1990 Kuwait vs. Iraq: Rumaylah oil reserves created International conflict (picture 349)

Who Controls Airspace? When boundaries were created there was a lack of knowledge of

Who Controls Airspace? When boundaries were created there was a lack of knowledge of importance of airspace a. airline traffic b. satellite space?

How are Boundaries Created? Defined - usually legally by someone who is not directly

How are Boundaries Created? Defined - usually legally by someone who is not directly involved (written) Delimitation - mapped Demarcation - marked with posts, walls, fences, etc.

Types of Boundaries Geometric boundary: straight line boundary totally unrelated to physical features e.

Types of Boundaries Geometric boundary: straight line boundary totally unrelated to physical features e. g. United States border with Canada

Types of Boundaries Physical-political/ or natural-political boundaries: boundaries which conform to physical features e.

Types of Boundaries Physical-political/ or natural-political boundaries: boundaries which conform to physical features e. g. United States border with Mexico along the Rio Grande

Types of Boundariesgenetic boundaries A. antecedent boundary: some boundaries were defined and delimited before

Types of Boundariesgenetic boundaries A. antecedent boundary: some boundaries were defined and delimited before humans settled e. g. Malaysia B. subsequent boundaries: boundaries which developed according to the cultural landscape e. g. Vietnam/ China

Types of Boundaries Genetic continued C. superimposed boundaries: forcibly drawn boundaries across a culturally

Types of Boundaries Genetic continued C. superimposed boundaries: forcibly drawn boundaries across a culturally unified landscape e. g. Papau New Guinea/ Indonesia d. relict boundary: border that has ceased to function imprints still evident in cultural landscape. N-S Vietnam

IV. Boundary Disputes A. Territorial / Definitional -Whose Land is it? Focus on legal

IV. Boundary Disputes A. Territorial / Definitional -Whose Land is it? Focus on legal language of the agreement B. Positional / Locational => 1991 1. focus on delimitation & demarcation of the border 2. the interpretation of the definition is the dispute 3. Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen (oil rich border not covered in the treaty)

IV. Boundary Disputes C. Functional / Operational Border Dispute 1. way boundary should function

IV. Boundary Disputes C. Functional / Operational Border Dispute 1. way boundary should function 2. how should each side handle cross-border migration D. Resources / Allocational Border Dispute 1. dispute over boundary due to location of resources 2. water supplies - Colorado River

Boundary Disputes D. Allocational Border Dispute 1. dispute over boundary due to location of

Boundary Disputes D. Allocational Border Dispute 1. dispute over boundary due to location of resources 2. water supplies – Colorado River nasa

Various boundary disputes - what type are they? Botswana has built electric fences to

Various boundary disputes - what type are they? Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution. Functional Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite international intervention, mutual animosities, Territorial and accusations, and armed posturing have prevented Positional demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998 -2000 war. All of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands. Resource Source: http: //www. cia. gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2070. html

Mari-time Boundaries UN Convention on Law of the Sea Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image:

Mari-time Boundaries UN Convention on Law of the Sea Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Zonmar-en. svg

Changing political power in US 4 level analysis Which regions of the country are

Changing political power in US 4 level analysis Which regions of the country are gaining / losing representation? How will this influence future elections? Who is gaining / losing influence?