POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL Transparencies

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results www. eu-portal. net

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OVERVIEW: FROM THE STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION IN LOCAL OR REGIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY Key topics Steps of the process Output Policy formulation in transport planning Strategic planning process Transport policy formulation General concept of measures Political Decision Planning process of the allocated measures Political Implementation of transport measures Design of the measures Decision Implementation process Realised / implemented measures Evaluation of success, quality control BOKU-ITS Transport masterplan Concept of implementation - Information - Awareness raising

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE/CONTENTS OF POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION Transport Planning Policy Formulation · Planning process Implementation · Realisation of defined measures / plans · Goals of policy formulation · Problem analysis · Development of scenarios · etc. · Paying attention to social & political acceptability · Quality control · etc. Tools for Implementation Tools for Policy Formulation Scenario technique Participation process Project management BOKU-ITS Awareness raising etc. Participation process Project management Awareness raising etc.

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION TRANSPORT POLICY FORMULATION Vision of a Desirable Future Current Development Current Situation Trend Development (Drawing: DIETIKER, LOOSER 1985)

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION WHICH SCENARIO DO WE WANT TO FOLLOW? WHAT IS THE ”RIGHT” POLICY FORMULATION FOR OUR REGION OR CITY? Possible Future Scenario “Car Friendly City” Current Development Possible Future Scenario “Environmentally Friendly Transport System” (Drawing DIETIKER, LOOSER 1985) Possible Future Scenario “Soft Mobility” Possible Future Scenario “Trend”

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ALTERNATIVES AND SCENARIOS – DEFINED INDICATORS Defined indicators Determination of the defined indicators under the conditions / measures of each scenario / alternative Description of each scenario by the indicators Comparison of the impacts / indicators of each scenario with the defined goals Evaluation Ranking of scenarios depending on the fulfilment of the goals (BOKU-ITS; adapted from RVS 2. 1, 1984)

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ACCEPTABILITY vs. EFFICIENCY OF FUEL SAVING MEASURES Range of Saving (% with respect to reference) Fuel saving vs. Public acceptability of measures Road pricing Park pricing Fuel + 50% Traffic calming Pedestrianisation & bicycle lanes Reduce bus fares & new PT-supply Bus priority Acceptability (% of acceptance, citizens) EU-PROJECT REFLEX

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION FUEL SAVINGS OF THE ER (ENERGY CONSUMPTION REDUCING) – PACKAGES EXAMPLE WIENER NEUSTADT/AUSTRIA Ib/ Fuel-tax + 100% 1528 t/a (-24. 1%) X/ All measures 1018 t/a (-16. 1%) 784 t/a (-12. 4%) Ib/ Fuel-tax + 50% IVb/ Non-motorised traffic 268 t/a (-4. 2%) Vb/ Parking management 258 t/a (-4. 1%) II/ Vehicle Tax 192 t/a (-3. 0%) Va/ Parking management 174 t/a (-2. 7%) IX/ Transport masterplan 164 t/a (-2. 6%) IVa/ Non-motorised traffic 134 t/a (-2. 1%) VIII/ PT-priority+ 100 t/a (-1. 6%) III/ Speed limit 68 t/a (-1. 1%) VI/ PT-priority 62 t/a (-1. 0%) Fuel-saving in ton per year (1996) VII/ Through ticketing 200 EU-PROJECT REFLEX 400 600 800 1000 1200 36 t/a (-0. 6%) 1400 1600

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION REASONS FOR DEFICIENCIES IN IMPLEMENTATION • Insufficient awareness of the problem among decision makers • Insufficient persuasive power of traffic experts • Too little acceptance by authorities and the public • No awareness of the problems among media representatives • Gap between attitudes and real behaviour of transport users (attitudes are dominated by social values, personal behaviour is dominated by personal interests) • Lack of acceptance for unpopular, but necessary measures / transport policies for an environmentally friendly and sustainable transport development

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLES OF MEASURES/INSTRUMENTS OF TRANSPORT POLICY (1) Investment & Services • Transport infrastructure network • Co-ordination of different transport modes • Transport system operation • Rationalisation of PT • etc. EU-PROJECT TRANSLAND Planning • Improvement of the PT network • Combination of environmentally friendly transport modes • Co-ordination of transport planning with urban development • etc. Information & Information Policies • Information & awareness campaigns • Mobility management • etc.

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLES OF MEASURES/ INSTRUMENTS OF TRANSPORT POLICY (2) Regulation • Access restrictions for motorised traffic • Parking space management • Parking licenses linked to car ownership • Speed limits • Traffic calming • Vehicle manufacturing & emission standards EU-PROJECT TRANSLAND Pricing • Subsidies • Restrictive pricing policies – vehicle tax, fuel tax, parking charges, road pricing, impact fees • etc.

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE: ACCEPTABILITY OF TDM-MEASURES BY TRANSPORT USERS IN SIX EUROPEAN CITIES 1) Package Approach 43, 7 59, 1 Access Restriction Park & Ride 92, 0 Improve Public Transport Distance based Pricing 95, 9 9, 4 High acceptability for promoting measures of alternative modes 14, 3 Congestion Pricing Cordon Pricing 16, 5 15, 6 Increasing parking cost Reducing parking space 0, 0 Low acceptability (approval rate) for restrictive measures for car traffic 19, 2 20, 0 40, 0 60, 0 80, 0 100, 0 Acceptability of TDM- measures by the population [%] EU-PROJECT TRANSPRICE 120, 0 1) Transport pricing package. In: TRANSPRICE report – Public Acceptability of TDM (traffic demand management) in Europe.

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION EXAMPLE: HOW TO INCREASE ACCEPTABILITY? • • • Objectives reflecting public concerns, positive aims Perceived traffic problems Perception of pricing policies as effective solutions Package approach – providing alternatives Trust in the proposed measures and in the use of the revenues • Guarantee of equity • Freedom of choice • New cognitive image of the mobility situation EU-PROJECT TRANSPRICE

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION SNAP-SHOT OF A PARTICIPATION WORKSHOP We Request: Sufficient space for cars Integration of all Less separation transport modes Save are caused by traffic Strict attractive areas Promotion of adherence to for pedestrians cycling threshold Traffic safety Priority Safe values of for PT ways to pollutants school (Drawing: DIETIKER, LOOSER; in: SELLE 1996)

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PARTICIPATION IN THE PLANNING PROCESS GOALS • Inclusion of all stakeholders • Planning as a joint process • Identification of the stakeholders’ needs • Information of the stakeholders about the planning process • Creation of trust between decision makers, planners and stakeholders • Gaining consensus by balancing of interests during the planning process • Participation as a democratic principle to raise awareness and acceptance of decisions • Mediation and conflict management • Harmony between individual interests and social values (awareness raising helps to harmonise both)

POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION BASIC PRINCIPLES PROCESS OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND MESSAGE TRANSFER Message Containing four elements: - objective contents of the message Transmitting person - subjective ”revelation” / input of the ”transmitter” - relationship between the ”transmitter” and the ”receiver” - appeal by the ”transmitter” to the ”receiver” is influenced by the manner of information and public relation BOKU-ITS Receiving person