Polarization direction of E field Linear Polarization Polarizer

$Birefringence/Double Refraction • Ordinary ray(o-ray): • Fixed • Extraordinary ray(e-ray): • Unusual behavior$

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Polarization (direction of E field) •

Linear Polarization •

Polarizer Allows only light polarized in certain direction to pass

$Birefringence/Double Refraction • Ordinary ray(o-ray): • Fixed • Extraordinary ray(e-ray): • Unusual behavior$

Birefringence/Double Refraction • Ordinary ray(o-ray): • Fixed • Extraordinary ray(e-ray): • Unusual behavior

Calcite Ca. CO 3 crystal

Half-Wave Plate Green: extraordinary wave Blue: ordinary wave

Linear polarized &Half-wave plate