POETRY The following are poetic terms and figurative

POETRY The following are poetic terms and figurative language terms related to poetry.

POETRY Ø A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY POET SPEAKER 4 the author of the poem. 4 “narrator” of the poem.

POETRY FORM 4 FORM - the appearance of the words on the page 4 LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem 4 STANZA - a group of lines arranged together A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day.

KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = Triplet (Tercet) = Quatrain = a two line stanza a three line stanza a four line stanza

Tone 4 the attitude the author takes 4 It sets the mood in the reader

Mood 4 Feelings in the audience that are set by the tone 4 Over-all feeling the reader gets from a piece of literature or a poem

Sounds of Poetry

RHYTHM 4 The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem 4 Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

METER Ø A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. 4 An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. 4 da DUM A line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row: 4 da DUM da DUM

RHYME 4 A repetition of end sound LAMP STAMP

END RHYME 4 A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.

INTERNAL RHYME 4 A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

Near Rhyme or Slant Rhyme 4 imperfect rhyme, close rhyme ROSE LOSE Shelter Brother

RHYME SCHEME 4 The pattern of rhyme in lines of poetry (can be shown by letters of the alphabet)

SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm. His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race. His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases. Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ. a a b b c c a a

ONOMATOPOEIA 4 Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ

ALLITERATION 4 Repetition of beginning sounds If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

CONSONANCE 4 Repetition of consonant sounds (can be anywhere in the words) “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling. . “

ASSONANCE 4 Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound. )

ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing. ” - John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep. ” - William Shakespeare

REFRAIN 4 A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem. “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore. ’”

Application: I. D. the sounds of poetry: “The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear; Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf that they did not hear?

Poetic Forms (types)

FREE VERSE POETRY 4 does NOT have meter 4 conversational - (patterns of stressed sounds like someone and unstressed talking with you. syllables) 4 Does NOT have rhyme. 4 A more modern type of poetry.

Fixed Form 4 poetry that follows a kind of template or formula. 4 Has set guidelines such as meter, rhyme scheme, and stanzas. 4 Ex: Haiku, Sonnet

BLANK VERSE POETRY from Julius Ceasar 4 Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.

LYRIC 4 Short 4 usually written in first person point of view 4 Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene 4 Do not tell a story and are often musical

Ballad 4 A song-like poem that tells a story. 4 At least 2 stanzas, sung to the same melody

SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme. The poem is written in three quatrains and ends with a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

NARRATIVE POEMS 4 A poem that tells a story. 4 Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman” “Casey at the Bat” “The Walrus and the Carpenter”

Literal vs Figurative 4 Meaning is exactly as stated 4 What is said it different from meaning

SIMILE 4 A comparison of two things using “like, as than, ” or “resembles. ” 4 “She is as beautiful as a sunrise. ”

METAPHOR 4 A direct comparison of two unlike things 4 “All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players. ” - William Shakespeare

EXTENDED METAPHOR 4 A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.

IMPLIED METAPHOR 4 The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated. 4 “The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it. ” - from The Pearl - by John Steinbeck

Cliché 4 An over-used expressed that loses its meaning or emphasis (any saying that gets old) 4 Ex: sweet as sugar, raining cats and dogs

Metonymy 4 a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept 4 Ex: “lend me your ear” 4 “We need to take it to the White House”

Synecdoche 4 A part is used to represent the whole or visa versa “all hands on deck” “check out my wheels”

Hyperbole 4 Exaggeration often used for emphasis.

Litotes or Understatement 4 Understatement - basically the opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic. 4 Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy”

Idiom 4 An expression with totally different meaning from the what is said 4 Ex: kicked the bucket Raining cats and dogs Hit the roof

PERSONIFICATION 4 An animal given humanlike qualities or an object given life-like qualities. from “Ninki” by Shirley Jackson “Ninki was by this time irritated beyond belief by the general air of incompetence exhibited in the kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.

Symbolism 4 When one thing represents another 4 Ex: a shattered window could represent someone’s destroyed beliefs in the world

Allusion 4 Allusion comes from the verb “allude” which means “to refer to” 4 An allusion is a reference to something famous. A tunnel walled and overlaid With dazzling crystal: we had read Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave, And to our own his name we gave. From “Snowbound” John Greenleaf Whittier

Apostrophe 4 Addresses an inanimate object, an idea, or a person that is dead or present 4 Ex: "Hello darkness, my old friend I've come to talk with you again. . " (Paul Simon, "The Sounds of Silence")

Paradox 4 A seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true 4 Ex: "The silence of midnight, to speak truly, though apparently a paradox, rung in my ears" (Mary Shelley).

Oxymoron 4 a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms 4 Ex: extremely average, bitter sweet, deafening silence