Poetry Terms A Shared Lexicon for Poetry Exploration

Poetry Terms: A Shared Lexicon for Poetry Exploration

What are “poetry terms”? Poetry terms are words we use to explore poetry. If we know the terms and can apply them to poems, we can share discussions with other poetry critics.

Sound Devices • • Alliteration Assonance Consonance Iambic Pentameter Meter Onomatopeia Cacophony • • • Blank Verse Free Verse Repetition Refrain Euphony Caesura

Alliteration The repetition of the same or similar sounds at the beginning of words for effect. Example: “What would the world be, once bereft/Of wet and wildness? ” (Gerard Manley Hopkins, “Inversnaid”)

Assonance The repetition or a pattern of similar vowel sounds for effect. Example: “Thou still unravished bride of quietness, /Thou foster child of silence and slow time” (“Ode to a Grecian Urn, ” John Keats)

Consonance The repetition of similar consonant sounds, especially at the ends of words, as in lost and past or confess and dismiss. Tip – Think of the word “consonant” when you try to remember what “consonance” means.

Iambic Pentameter A type of meter in poetry, in which there are five iambs to a line. (The prefix penta- means “five, ” as in pentagon, a geometrical figure with five sides. Meter refers to rhythmic units. In a line of iambic pentameter, there are five rhythmic units that are iambs. ) Shakespeare's plays were written mostly in iambic pentameter, which is the most common type of meter in English poetry. An example of an iambic pentameter line from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is “But soft!/ What light/ through yon/der win/dow breaks? ” Another, from Richard III, is “A horse!/ My king/dom for/ a horse!” (The stressed syllables are in bold. )

Rhythm is a musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables. Rhythm occurs in all forms of language, both written and spoken, but is particularly important in poetry.

Meter The arrangement of a line of poetry by the number of syllables and the rhythm of accented (or stressed) syllables.

Blank Verse Poetry that is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in blank verse. “Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. ”

Free Verse Poetry composed of either rhymed or unrhymed lines that have no set meter.

Repetition is perhaps the most basic idea in poetics. There all sorts of repetition: the repetition of rhythmic elements (meter); the repetition of sounds (rhyme, etc. ); the repetition of syntactic elements (often a lineation device in open form); the repetition of stanzas, and so on.

Refrain A line or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem, usually after every stanza. Example: “I will not eat green eggs and ham. I will not eat them Sam I Am. ” (Dr. Suess, “Green Eggs and Ham”)

Onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which words are used to imitate sounds. Examples of onomatopoetic words are buzz, hiss, zing, clippety-clop, and tick-tock. Keats's “Ode to a Nightingale” not only uses onomatopoeia, but calls our attention to it: “Forlorn! The very word is like a bell/To toll me back from thee to my sole self!”

Cacophony The use of harsh or discordant sounds in literary composition, as for poetic effect. Example: Player Piano My stick fingers click with a snicker And, chuckling, they knuckle the keys; Light footed, my steel feelers flicker And pluck from these keys melodies.

Euphony Attempting to group words together harmoniously, so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken, as opposed to cacophony. Example of Euphony in a Poem - Excerpt To Autumn by John Keats Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run

Caesura A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. There is a caesura right after the question mark in the first line of this sonnet by Elizabeth Barrett Browning: “How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. ”

Rhyme is the occurrence of the same or similar sounds at the end of two or more words. When the rhyme occurs in a final stressed syllable, it is said to be masculine: cat/hat, desire/fire, observe/deserve. When the rhyme occurs in a final unstressed syllable, it is said to be feminine: longing/yearning. The pattern of rhyme in a stanza or poem is shown usually by using a different letter for each final sound. In a poem with an aabba rhyme scheme, the first, second, and fifth lines end in one sound, and the third and fourth lines end in another.

Types of Rhyme Slant/Approximate A slant rhyme differs from a perfect rhyme in that not all of its vowel or consonant sounds match those of the rhyming word. Internal In poetry, internal rhyme, or middle rhyme, is rhyme which occurs in a single line of verse.

Figurative Language • • • Simile Metaphor Personification Apostrophe Hyperbole

Simile A figure of speech in which two things are compared using the word “like” or “as. ” An example of a simile using like occurs in Langston Hughes's poem “Harlem”: “What happens to a dream deferred? / Does it dry up/ like a raisin in the sun? ”

Metaphor A figure of speech in which two things are compared, usually by saying one thing is another, or by substituting a more descriptive word for the more common or usual word that would be expected. Some examples of metaphors: the world's a stage, he was a lion in battle, drowning in debt, and a sea of troubles.

Types of Metaphors Implied An implied or unstated metaphor is a metaphor not explicitly stated or obvious that compares two things by using adjectives that commonly describe one thing, but are used to describe another comparing the two. An example: "Golden baked skin", comparing bakery goods to skin or "green blades of nausea", comparing green grass to the pallor of a nauseastic person or "leafy golden sunset" comparing the sunset to a tree in the fall.

Types of Metaphors Extended An extended metaphor is one where there is a single main subject to which additional subjects and metaphors are applied. The extended metaphor may act as a central theme, for example where it is used as the primary vehicle of a poem and is used repeatedly and in different forms. Example He is the pointing gun, we are the bullets of his desire. All the world's a stage and men and women merely players. Let me count my loves of thee, my rose garden, my heart, my fixed mark, my beginning and my end.

Personification A figure of speech in which things or abstract ideas are given human attributes: dead leaves dance in the wind, blind justice.

Apostrophe Words that are spoken to a person who is absent or imaginary, or to an object or abstract idea. The poem “God's World” by Edna St. Vincent Millay begins with an apostrophe: “O World, I cannot hold thee close enough!/Thy winds, thy wide grey skies!/Thy mists that roll and rise!”

Hyperbole A figure of speech in which deliberate exaggeration is used for emphasis. Many everyday expressions are examples of hyperbole: tons of money, waiting for ages, a flood of tears, etc.

Poetic Forms • • Alliterative verse Sonnet Elegy Ballad Ode Pastoral Epic Haiku

Alliterative Verse A form of verse that uses alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry, as opposed to other devices such as rhyme. Example: Now the news. Night raids on Five cities. Fires started. Pressure applied by pincer movement In threatening thrust. Third Division Enlarges beachhead. Lucky charm Saves sniper. Sabotage hinted In steel-mill stoppage. .

Sonnet The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song. " By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers, " although the term can be used derisively. Many modern writers of sonnets choose simply to be called "sonnet writers. " One of the most well known sonnet writers is Shakespeare, who wrote 154 sonnets.

Elegy The term "elegy" was originally used for a type of poetic metre (Elegiac metre), but is also used for a poem of mourning, from the Greek elegos, a reflection on the death of someone or on a sorrow generally - which is a form of lyric poetry. An elegy can also reflect on something which seems strange or mysterious to the author. In addition, an elegy (sometimes spelled elegíe) may be a type of musical work, usually in a sad and somber attitude. It is not to be confused with a eulogy.

Ballad A ballad is usually set to music; thus, it often is a story told in a song. Any myth form may be told as a ballad, such as historical accounts or fairy tales in verse form. It usually has foreshortened, alternating fourstress lines ("ballad meter") and simple repeating rhymes, often with a refrain.

Ode is a form of stately and elaborate lyrical verse. A classic ode is structured in three parts: the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode. Different forms such as the homostrophic ode and the irregular ode also exist.

Pastoral A poem that depicts rural life in a peaceful, idealized way.

Epic A long, serious poem that tells the story of a heroic figure. Two of the most famous epic poems are the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer, which tell about the Trojan War and the adventures of Odysseus on his voyage home after the war. This year we read Beowulf, a famous epic poem from the Anglo-Saxon period.

Haiku A Japanese poem composed of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables. Haiku often reflect on some aspect of nature. Example: I am nobody A red sinking autumn sun Took my name away.

Structure • • Line number Stanza Title Quatrain Sestet Couplet

Line A verse of poetry. A line in iambic pentameter contains five feet. Every time a poet returns to the left margin, he or she has begun a new line.

Line Number Small numbers that normally appear to the left of the text of the poem that allow poetry readers to refer to different parts of the poem. The numbers usually appear in multiples of five.

Stanza Two or more lines of poetry that together form one of the divisions of a poem. The stanzas of a poem are often of the same length and follow the same pattern of meter and rhyme.

Title The name given to a poem by the poet. This is an important choice because it begins the relationship the reader established with the poem. Titles often hint at theme of the poem.

Quatrain A stanza or poem of four lines. We know that Shakespearean sonnets are made up of three quatrains and a couplet. This is true despite the fact that in sonnets there are no breaks.

Sestet A six-line stanza. Petrarchan sonnets end with a sestet.

Couplet In a poem, a pair of lines that are the same length and usually rhyme and form a complete thought. Shakespearean sonnets usually end in a couplet.

Meaning All the elements of poetry, structure, figurative language, sound elements, form, etc. , contribute to the most important aspect of any poem; its meaning. A good poem should offer the reader a new way of looking at some aspect of the world around him or her.