POETRY NOTES POETRY is a type of literature

POETRY NOTES

POETRY is… a type of literature that expresses ideas and feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

My Definition 4 Saying something clearly in an indirect way. Making a person feel what you mean and not just hear what you say.

POETIC FORM 4 FORM - the appearance of the words on the page 4 LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem 4 STANZA - a group of lines arranged together A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day. - Emily Dickinson

POETIC SOUND EFFECTS

RHYTHM The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem. Rhythm can be created by using, meter, rhymes, alliteration, and refrain.

METER Ø A pattern of stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables Ø Each unit or part of the pattern is called a “foot” Ø Types of Feet: • • Iambic - unstressed, stressed Trochaic - stressed, unstressed Anapestic - unstressed, stressed Dactylic - stressed, unstressed

RHYMES Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. A word always rhymes with itself. LAMP STAMP á Share the short “a” vowel sound á Share the combined “mp” consonant sound

END RHYME 4 A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring. -”Hector the Collector” by Shel Silverstein A B C B

RHYME SCHEME 4 Labeling End Rhyme by using letters of the alphabet to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example. )

SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm. His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race. His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases. Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ. -“The Germ” by Ogden Nash A A B B C C A A

INTERNAL RHYME 4 A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. Ah, distinctly I remember, it was in the bleak December - “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

NEAR/SLANT RHYME 4 Also known as imperfect or “close enough” rhyme. The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH ROSE LOSE á Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound) á Share the same consonant sound (“s”)

OTHER TYPES OF POETIC DEVICES

REFRAIN 4 A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem, such as the chorus in a song. The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveller hastens toward the town, And the tide rises, the tide falls. Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; The little waves, with their soft, white hands, Efface the footprints in the sands, And the tide rises, the tide falls. The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; The day returns, but nevermore Returns the traveller to the shore, And the tide rises, the tide falls The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls by BY HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW

TONE 4 Used in poetry to convey feeling and emotion, and set the mood for the work. This can be done through word choice, the grammatical arrangement of words (syntax), imagery, or details that are included or omitted. I met a traveler from an antique land. -from "Ozymandias” by Shelley This line immediately generates a story-telling atmosphere, just as it is with the phrase, "Once upon a time. " An audience is clearly implied.

CONNOTATION vs DENOTATION 4 Connotation: an emotional or social association with a word, giving meaning beyond the literal definition 4 Denotation: the specific, literal image, idea, concept, or object that a word or phrase refers to Word a star a family a dog Denotation ball of light/gas in the sky group of related individuals four legged mammal Connotation a wish love, trust, closeness friend, protector, pet

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

ALLITERATION 4 Repetition of beginning consonant sounds Copper Clappers Click below

CONSONANCE 4 Similar to alliteration EXCEPT: – repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words, not just at the beginning! And frightful a nightfall folded rueful a day …How a lush-kept plush-capped sloe Will, mouthed to flesh-burst, Gush!— - From “The Wreck of the Deutschland” by Gerald Manley Hopkins

ASSONANCE 4 Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line (or lines) of a poem 4 Often creates Slant Rhyme A leal sailor even In a stormy sea Drinks deep God’s Name In ecstasy -”Peaceful Assonance” by Sri Chinmoy

ASSONANCE cont. Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing. - From “Dauber: a poem” by John Masefield Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep. - From Othello by William Shakespeare

ALLUSION 4 From the verb “allude” which means “to refer to” 4 A reference to someone or something famous or historical. A tunnel walled and overlaid With dazzling crystal: we had read Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave, And to our own his name we gave. -from “Snowbound” by John Greenleaf Whittier

ANALOGY & SIMILE METAPHOR 4 Comparison of two or more unlike things in order to show a similarity in their characteristics 4 Two main types: – Simile- uses “like or “as” – Metaphor- does not use “like” or “as” – Extended Metaphor-comparison lasts over several lines or the entire poem.

IDIOM 4 It means something other than what it actually says. Feeling under the weather you could have knocked me down with a feather. It was like a bolt out of the blue, when I met you. an English rose, in the flower of youth; … -from “My Sweet Idiom” by Paul Williams

IMAGERY 4 Language that appeals to the senses Lemon

HYPERBOLE 4 An extreme exaggeration (or overstatement), often used for effect Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world -from "The Concord Hymn" by Ralph Waldo Emerson LITOTES līˈtōtēz/ 4 Intentional understatement, used for humor or irony (Example- nicknaming a large man “tiny”)

ONOMATOPOEIA 4 Words that sound like what they mean Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse-hoofs ringing clear; Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf that they did not hear? - from “The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes

OXYMORON 4 Combines two usually contradictory terms in a compressed paradox, as in the word bittersweet or the phrase living death And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true… -from Idylls of the King by Alfred, Lord Tennyson I do here make humbly bold to present them with a short account of themselves. . . -from A Tale of a Tub by the poet and author Jonathan Swift Work entitled "She's All My Fancy Painted Him" by the poet and author Lewis Carroll

PARADOX 4 An apparent contradiction, which is nevertheless somehow true. Hidden in plain sight War is peace Slow down to speed up Less is more My Life Closed Twice Before its Close

PERSONIFICATION 4 Giving human characteristics to something that is not human Hey diddle, Diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon; The little dog laughed To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon. -from “The Cat & the Fiddle” by Mother Goose

PUN 4 A play on words. 4 China bans puns (2014) You were MINT for me.

TYPES OF POETRY

NARRATIVE POEMS 4 Longer and tells a story, with a beginning, middle, and end 4 Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry because the poet needs to establish characters and a plot Example: “The Highwayman” by Alfred Noyes

BALLAD (a narrative poem) 4 Tells a story, similar to a folk tale or legend 4 Usually set to music 4 simple repeating rhymes, often with a refrain Oh the ocean waves may roll, And the stormy winds may blow, While we poor sailors go skipping aloft And the land lubbers lay down below, below And the land lubbers lay down below. -from “The Mermaid” by Anonymous

LYRICAL POEMS 4 Short poem (only a few lines, 1 -2 stanzas) 4 Usually written in first person point of view 4 Expresses an emotion or an idea, or describes a scene 4 Does not tell a story and are often musical

ELEGY 4 A poem of grief for someone’s death. Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head; It is some dream that on deck, You've fallen cold and dead. -"O Captain! My Captain!" by Walt Whitman

ODE 4 A serious poem often addressed to a praised person or object. Thou still unravish’d bride of quietness, Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time, Sylvan historian, who canst thus express A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both, In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? What men or gods are these? what maidens loth? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? “Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats, 1795 - 1821

OTHER FORMS OF POETRY

FREE VERSE POEMS 4 Does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables 4 Does NOT have rhyme 4 Very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you Example: See “Fog” by Carl Sandburg

BLANK VERSE POEMS 4 Does have a regular meter, usually iambic pentameter (five sets of stressed/unstressed) 4 Does NOT have rhyme 4 Used by classical playwrights, like Shakespeare ˘ / ˘ / ˘ / To swell the gourd, and plump the ha-zel shells -from “Ode to Autumn” by John Keats

SONNET 4 Fourteen line poem

QUATRAIN 4 Stanza or short poem containing four lines 4 Lines 2 and 4 must rhyme, while lines 1 and 3 may or may not rhyme 4 Variations in rhyming patterns (abab, abcb) O, my luve's like a red, red rose, That's newly sprung in June: O, my luve's like the melodie That's sweetly played in tune. -from “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns A B C B

COUPLET 4 A poem or stanza of only two lines 4 Both lines have an end rhyme and the same meter 4 Often found at the end of a sonnet (Shakespeare) Whether or not we find what we are seeking is idle, biologically speaking. -at the end of a sonnet by Edna St. Vincent Millay

POINT OF VIEW POET the author of the poem, the person who actually wrote it VS SPEAKER the “narrator” of the poem, the voice telling us the thoughts/feelings/story