Poetry Devices Structure and Forms Imagery Descriptive language

Poetry Devices, Structure, and Forms

Imagery Descriptive language that appeals to the five senses. There are five types of imagery you need to know…

Imagery (cont. ) Visual Imagery that deals with picturing something. Example: The dark, black cloud began to block the azure, blue sky as we sat and watched on the beach. Auditory Imagery that deals with sound and hearing. Example: The doorbell rang and Rayna screamed, “I’ll get it!”

Imagery (cont. ) Olfactory Imagery that represents a smell. Example: The garbage can released an odor of rancid, three-week-old milk. Gustatory Imagery that represents a taste. Example: Mark tasted the briny, bitter salt water for the first time.

Imagery (cont. ) Tactile Imagery that represents touch. Example: She dug her toes in the wet sand, but she was still sweating from the hot sun.

Tone An author’s attitude toward his or her subject matter. Tone is defined the same way in both prose and poetry. We can figure out tone by an author’s word choice, punctuation, sentence structure, and figures of speech. EXAMPLES OF TONE: sympathetic, serious, ironic, sad, bitter, humorous, angry, apologetic, critical, proud

Mood The emotional quality of a literary work. Mood is determined by setting, subject matter, and tone. SAMPLE MOOD WORDS: Cheerful, gloomy, bleak, eerie, tense, calm, ominous, uncertain, miserable

Poetry Devices Alliteration: The repetition of consonant sounds, generally at the beginning of words. Example: Sally sells sea-shells by the sea shore. Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words that do not rhyme or are preceded by different vowel sounds. Example: The clock struck twelve, and he was tickled with excitement as the ball dropped.

Poetry Devices (cont. ) Assonance: The repetition of same or similar vowel sounds in words that are close together. Example: So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Do you like blue?

Poetry Devices Continued Diction: A writer’s choice of words; an important element in the writer’s voice or style. Denotation: The literal, dictionary meaning of a word. Example: The word “home” means, “the physical structure within which one lives, such as a house. ” Connotation: The suggested or implied meanings associated with a word beyond its dictionary definition. Example: Words can have positive or negative connotations. The word “home” might suggest positive thoughts of comfort, family, protection, etc.

Poetry Devices (cont. ) Onomatopoeia: The use of a word or phrase that imitates or suggests the sound of what it describes. Examples: Hiss, crack, swish, murmur, mew, buzz. Apostrophe: A literary device in which a speaker addresses an inanimate object, an idea, or an absent person. Example: Oh, mother, where would I be without your guidance!

Poetry Devices (cont. ) Repetition: The recurrence of sounds, words, phrases, lines or stanzas in a poem. Writers use repetition to emphasize an important point, to expand on an idea, to create rhythm, and to increase the unity of the work. Example: The repeated chorus of a song emphasizes the message of that song.

Poetry Devices: 3 Types of Rhyme End Rhyme: The rhyming of words at the end of a line. Example: They could not excuse the sin. That was committed by his kin. Internal Rhyme: Rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry. Example: No, baby, no, you may not go. Slant Rhyme: Two words sound similar, but do not have a perfect rhyme. Example: The words jackal and buckle.

Structure Items Speaker: The voice that communicates with the reader of a poem (like a narrator). Stanza: A group of lines forming a unit in a poem or a song. Line: The basic unit of poetry. The line is a word or a row of words (not a sentence that extends over to the next line, though). There are four structural that are based on the number of lines.

Structural Items (continued) Four types of poems based on line number: Couplet: Consists of two lines. Quatrain: Consists of four lines. Sestet: Consists of six lines. Octave: Consists of eight lines.

Structural Items (continued) Rhyme Scheme: The pattern that end rhymes form in a stanza or poem. Rhyme scheme is designated by the assignment of a different letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme. Roses are red Violets are blue You stole my heart Then were untrue A B C B

Poetry Types Narrative Poem: A poem that tells a story. Narrative poems are usually contrasted with lyric poems. Lyric Poem: Poetry that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. Free Verse: Poetry that has no fixed pattern of meter, rhyme, line length, or stanza arrangement.

Poetry Types (cont. ) Ode: A long, serious lyric poem that is elevated in tone and style. Some odes celebrate a person, an event, or even a power or object. Haiku: A traditional, nature-inspired Japanese form of poetry that has 3 lines and 17 syllables. Lines one and three are five syllables each. Line two is seven syllables. Sonnet: A lyric poem of 14 lines, typically written in iambic pentameter and following strict patterns of stanza division and rhyme.

Blank Verse Blank verse is a literary device defined as un -rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. In poetry and prose, it has a consistent meter with 10 syllables in each line (pentameter); where, unstressed syllables are followed by stressed ones, five of which are stressed but do not rhyme. It is also known as “un-rhymed iambic pentameter. ”

Cadence & Rhythm Cadence is derived from the Latin word cadentia, which means “a falling. ” It is the term used to signal the rising and falling of the voice when reading a literary piece. In poetry, it is the momentary changes in rhythm and pitch. Cadences help set the rhythmic pace of a literary piece. Listen to the cadence in “And Still I Rise. ” How would you describe it? Rhythm is the pattern of stresses within a line of verse. All spoken word has a rhythm formed by stressed and unstressed syllables. When you write words in a sentence you will notice patterns forming.

Types of Cadences Cadence examples in literature Imperfect or half cadence – In poetry, a half cadence is a pause. Half cadence is represented with a comma, or a semi-colon, in poetry and prose. This rhythm does not sound final, and often the lines end with indecisive tension. Perfect or authentic cadence – Perfect cadence comes at the end of the phrase in a poem.

Caesura Pauses come from natural rhythm of your speech. Poetry also uses pauses in its lines. One such pause is known as “caesura, ” which is a rhythmical pause in a poetic line or a sentence. At times, it occurs with punctuation; at other times it does not. Poets indicate such a pause with a parallel symbol thus: ||. Caesura can be medial (occurring in the middle of line), initial (occurring at the beginning of poetic line), or terminal (occurring at the end of a poetic line). Function of Caesura: A caesural break creates various effects, depending upon the way it is used. Sometimes it breaks the monotonous rhythm of a line and forces readers to focus on the meaning of the phrase preceding the caesura. In some other cases, it might create a dramatic or ominous effect. Normally, it happens in the middle of a sentence, or phrase in poetry. It also adds an emotional and theatrical touch to a line, and helps convey depth of the sentiments.

Haiku Poems One thing haiku poems try to do is present imagery and details that try to convey a larger insight or meaning. For example, a writer is not simply describing a setting, but they are describing a setting to provide insight or a larger meaning. Form is syllabic: 5 -7 -5

Sample Haiku Poems Nature Haiku: Skies so azure blue Youthful hue makes my heart race Infinite blessing Person Haiku: Angry from day one Critical of all that’s fun You suffer the most Create a Haiku about nature or a favorite setting and create a haiku about a person or type of person.

Now choose one of the Haikus you have created and write a free verse poem on the same subject. Trade your poem with a partner and have them examine and discuss the following: • What is the poem about? • Who is the speaker? • What is the tone? • Identify structural elements (line length or stanzas) • Cadence • Rhyme, repetition, diction, tone, mood, imagery, etc.