PODSTAWY CHEMII SUPRAMOLEKULARNEJ Z ELEMENTAMI NANO NIEKONWENCJONALNIE NANO

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PODSTAWY CHEMII SUPRAMOLEKULARNEJ Z ELEMENTAMI NANO – NIEKONWENCJONALNIE NANO „miękie” spotyka NANO „twarde” Marek

PODSTAWY CHEMII SUPRAMOLEKULARNEJ Z ELEMENTAMI NANO – NIEKONWENCJONALNIE NANO „miękie” spotyka NANO „twarde” Marek Pietraszkiewicz, Instytut Chemii Fizycznej PAN, 01 -224 Warszawa, Kasprzaka 44/52, tel: 3433416 E-mail: pietrasz@ichf. edu. pl

ALLACH AKBAR!! NANO JEST WIELKIE!! 1 nm = 10 -9 m

ALLACH AKBAR!! NANO JEST WIELKIE!! 1 nm = 10 -9 m

NANO NA NO

NANO NA NO

KLASYFIKACJA NANO-OBIEKTÓW: ~3 -100 nm A: OBIEKTY O ODMIENNYCH WŁAŚCIWOŚCIACH OD POJEDYNCZYCH ATOMÓW I

KLASYFIKACJA NANO-OBIEKTÓW: ~3 -100 nm A: OBIEKTY O ODMIENNYCH WŁAŚCIWOŚCIACH OD POJEDYNCZYCH ATOMÓW I OBIEKTÓW MAKROSKOPOWYCH B: WIELOFUNKCYJNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH CHARAKTERYSTYCZNYCH DLA “NANO”

PRZYKŁADY CHARAKTERYSTYKA OBIEKTÓW O ODMIENNYCH WŁAŚCIWOŚCIACH OPTYCZNYCH I ELEKTRONOWYCH 0 -D, 1 -D, 2

PRZYKŁADY CHARAKTERYSTYKA OBIEKTÓW O ODMIENNYCH WŁAŚCIWOŚCIACH OPTYCZNYCH I ELEKTRONOWYCH 0 -D, 1 -D, 2 -D, 3 -D NANO-: koloidy, rurki, klastery, warstwy, krystality, proszki, sfery, sztabki, druty, kropki kwantowe PIERWIASTKI: metale szlachetne, platynowce, metale przejściowe, metaloidy ZWIĄZKI CHEMICZNE: półprzewodniki (Cd. S, Hg. Te, Zn. S), izolatory (Zr. O 2, Sn. O 2), magnetyki (Fe 3 O 4)

PRZYKŁADY SAMOORGANIZACJA SUPRAMOLEKULARNA POLIMERY WIELOFUNKCYJNE BIOCZĄSTECZKI I BIOPOLIMERY

PRZYKŁADY SAMOORGANIZACJA SUPRAMOLEKULARNA POLIMERY WIELOFUNKCYJNE BIOCZĄSTECZKI I BIOPOLIMERY

Occurance of nanoscale particulate materials. From presentation E. Clayton Teague, NNCO, April 2004.

Occurance of nanoscale particulate materials. From presentation E. Clayton Teague, NNCO, April 2004.

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - AGREGATY SUPRAMOLEKULARNE - HETEROPOLIANIONY - DENDRYMERY - FULLERENY

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - AGREGATY SUPRAMOLEKULARNE - HETEROPOLIANIONY - DENDRYMERY - FULLERENY

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - AGREGATY SUPRAMOLEKULARNE

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - AGREGATY SUPRAMOLEKULARNE

NED SEEMAN http: //seemanlab 4. chem. nyu. edu/nano-oct. html DNA Borromean rings

NED SEEMAN http: //seemanlab 4. chem. nyu. edu/nano-oct. html DNA Borromean rings

NED SEEMAN http: //seemanlab 4. chem. nyu. edu/nano-oct. html Truncated Octahedron A truncated octahedron

NED SEEMAN http: //seemanlab 4. chem. nyu. edu/nano-oct. html Truncated Octahedron A truncated octahedron contains six squares and eight hexagons. This is a view down the fourfold axis of one of the squares. Each edge of the truncated octahedron contains two double helical turns of DNA. The molecule contains 14 cyclic strands of DNA. Each face of the octahedron corresponds to a different cyclic strand. In this drawing, each nucleotide is shown with a colored dot corresponding to the backbone, and a white dot corresponding to the base. This picture shows the strand corresponding to the square at the center of the figure and parts of the four strands at the cardinal points of the figure. These strands are all shown with red backbones. In addition to the 36 edges of the truncated octahedron, each vertex contains a hairpin of DNA extending from it. These hairpins are all parts of the red strands that correspond to the squares. The strands corresponding to the hexagons are shown with backbones whose colors are yellow (upper right), cyan (upper left), magenta (lower left) and green (lower right). The molecular weight of this molecule as about 790, 000 Daltons.

NED SEEMAN http: //seemanlab 4. chem. nyu. edu/nano-oct. html Cube This representation of a

NED SEEMAN http: //seemanlab 4. chem. nyu. edu/nano-oct. html Cube This representation of a DNA cube shows that it contains six different cyclic strands. Their backbones are shown in red (front), green (right), yellow (back), magenta (left), cyan (top) and dark blue (bottom). Each nucleotide is represented by a single colored dot for the backbone and a single white dot representing the base. Note that the helix axes of the molecule have the connectivity of a cube. However, the strands are linked to each other twice on every edge. Therefore, this molecule is a hexacatenane. To get a feeling for the molecule, follow the red strand around its cycle: It is linked twice to the green strand, twice to the cyan strand, twice to the magenta strand, and twice to the dark blue strand. It is only indirectly linked to the yellow strand. Note that each edge of the cube is a piece of double helical DNA, containing two turns of the double helix.

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - HETEROPOLIANIONY

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - HETEROPOLIANIONY

Inorganic Chemistry Goes Protein Size: A Mo 368 Nano-Hedgehog Initiating Nanochemistry by Symmetry Breaking,

Inorganic Chemistry Goes Protein Size: A Mo 368 Nano-Hedgehog Initiating Nanochemistry by Symmetry Breaking, Achim Mueller, * Eike Beckmann, Hartmut Boegge, , Marc Schmidtmann, and Andreas Dress, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 41, 1162, (2001).

16 A. Muller, P. Kogerler : Coordination Chemistry Reviews 182 (1999) 3– 17 Fig.

16 A. Muller, P. Kogerler : Coordination Chemistry Reviews 182 (1999) 3– 17 Fig. 11. Some structural details of the novel supramolecular system {Mo 36 ¦Mo 148 } ({Mo 36 } occupa-tion: 20%). Part of the chain structure is shown, which is built up by linking the ring-shaped clusters{Mo 148 } with three missing {Mo 2 } groups. The interaction between host (in polyhedral representation)and guest (ball and stick) is due to 16 hydrogen bonds (dotted) and four sodium cations situated betweenhost and guest.

Giant metal-oxide-based spheres and their topology: from pentagonal building blocks to keplerates and unusual

Giant metal-oxide-based spheres and their topology: from pentagonal building blocks to keplerates and unusual spin systems A. Muller , P. Kogerler , A. W. M. Dress, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 222 (2001) 193– 218 Structural comparison of the {Mo 132 - }- (left) and {Mo 72 Fe 30 }- type (right) clusters. Both consist of 12 {( Mo) Mo 5 } groups (blue, with the pentagonal Mo. O bipyramids in bright blue). The different linker groups L ({ Mo }: L = {Mo V }, red; {Mo Fe }: L = {Fe}, yellow) can be used for a novel type of sizing

Giant metal-oxide-based spheres and their topology: from pentagonal building blocks to keplerates and unusual

Giant metal-oxide-based spheres and their topology: from pentagonal building blocks to keplerates and unusual spin systems A. Muller , P. Kogerler , A. W. M. Dress, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 222 (2001) 193– 218 Structural comparison of the {Mo 132 - }- (left) and {Mo 72 Fe 30 }- type (right) clusters. Both consist of 12 {( Mo) Mo 5 } groups (blue, with the pentagonal Mo. O bipyramids in bright blue). The different linker groups L ({ Mo }: L = {Mo V }, red; {Mo Fe }: L = {Fe}, yellow) can be used for a novel type of sizing

Giant metal-oxide-based spheres and their topology: from pentagonal building blocks to keplerates and unusual

Giant metal-oxide-based spheres and their topology: from pentagonal building blocks to keplerates and unusual spin systems A. Muller , P. Kogerler , A. W. M. Dress, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 222 (2001) 193– 218 Fig. 1. Polyhedral representations of the {Mo 154 } (left) and the {Mo 176 } (right) clusters showing three different building groups (the individual polyhedra represent the MOn coordination geometries). One {Mo 8 } group is outlined, two {Mo 2 } groups are shown in dark gray, and two equatorial {Mo 1 } units are shown encircled.

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - DENDRYMERY

SUPRAMOLEKULARNE OBIEKTY O ROZMIARACH NANOMETRYCZNYCH - DENDRYMERY

Startburst Dendrimers: Fundamental Building Blocks for a New Nanoscopic Chemistry Set Wei Chen Turro

Startburst Dendrimers: Fundamental Building Blocks for a New Nanoscopic Chemistry Set Wei Chen Turro Group Department of Chemistry Columbia University November 20, 1997

What are Dendrimers? I. Linear II. Cross-linked III. Branched IV. Dendritic (tree-like) Dendrons Dendrimers

What are Dendrimers? I. Linear II. Cross-linked III. Branched IV. Dendritic (tree-like) Dendrons Dendrimers Dendrigrafts other names: Molecular Trees, Cascade molecules Tomalia et al. Chemistry & Industry 1997, 416

History of Starburst Dendrimers 1944 Melville 1978 Vogtle First synthesis of cascade molecules 1983

History of Starburst Dendrimers 1944 Melville 1978 Vogtle First synthesis of cascade molecules 1983 Denkewalter Reported synthesis of poly(lysine) molecular trees with asymmetical branch junctions 1983 De Gennes, Hervet Calculation of starburst, dense-packed generation limit for poly(amidoamine) molecular trees 1983 Tomalia First successful synthesis of a symmetrical branched high-molecular-weight dendrimers 1990 ‘ Frechet, Miller Convergent method for the synthesis of dendrimers . . First suggestion of tree-like molecules Present: Commercially available dendrimer: Over 50 known dendrimer families poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM), poly(ester) poly(propylene imine)

The First Synthesis of Dendritic Molecules Co(II)/Na. BH 4 R-NH 2 CH 3 OH,

The First Synthesis of Dendritic Molecules Co(II)/Na. BH 4 R-NH 2 CH 3 OH, 2 h Ac. OH, 2 h 76%, 69% Ac. OH, 2 h 66%, 44% Co(II)/Na. BH 4 CH 3 OH, 2 h 66% R = C 6 H 5 -CH 2, cyclo-C 6 H 11 35% Buhleier et al. Synthesis 1978, 155

Synthesis of Dendrimers: the Divergent Method construct from the root to the leaves C

Synthesis of Dendrimers: the Divergent Method construct from the root to the leaves C A + Key Contributors R. Denkewalter - Allied Corp. D. Tomalia - Michigan Molecular Institute Ardoin et al. , Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1995, 132, , 875

Synthesis of Dendrimers: the Convergent Method construct from the leaves to the root c

Synthesis of Dendrimers: the Convergent Method construct from the leaves to the root c s-fr + f c p 1 2 s s fp fr c c fp s s fp c c fr Core c c Key Contributors ‘ - Cornell Univ. J. Frechet T. Miller - AT&T Bell Labs Hawker et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 7638

Comparison of the Two Methods Divergent Method Advantage Disadvantage Able to construct high generation

Comparison of the Two Methods Divergent Method Advantage Disadvantage Able to construct high generation dendrimers. 1. Defects on the surface of higher generation dendrimers 2. Elimination of excess reagents after each sequence. Convergent Method Advantage Disadvantage 1. A limited number of growth reactions per sequence. 2. Ease of purification and characterization. 3. Able to attach different types of dendrons into one dendrimer. Steric constraints for the attachment of large dendrons to the core. Tomalia et al. , Topics Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 193 Ardoin, et al. , Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr 1995, 132, 875

Synthesis of PAMAM Dendrimers (A) (B) (excess) Gen. 0 (A, B) Gen. 1 Full

Synthesis of PAMAM Dendrimers (A) (B) (excess) Gen. 0 (A, B) Gen. 1 Full Generation Half Generation Gen. 2 Tomalia et al. Macromol. 1986, 19, 2466.

Characterization of Dendrimers 1. Elemental composition: C, H, N analysis; MS 2. Molar mass

Characterization of Dendrimers 1. Elemental composition: C, H, N analysis; MS 2. Molar mass versus generation: low-angle laser light scattering; MS; electrophoresis 3. Homogeneity: size exclusion chromotography(SEC); EM; AFM; STM; capillary electrophoresis 4. Interior and end group: IR; 15 N, 13 C, 31 P, 29 Si, 2 H and 1 H NMR; titration 5. Structures: 13 C, 2 H and 1 H NMR; EM; electrospray MS; fluorescence probe analysis; computer simulation. 6. Dimension intrinsic viscosity measurements; SEC; computer simulation; EM; AFM; electrophoresis; neutron scattering. Tomalia et al. , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 138.

Predictable MW and Molecular Dimension Generation MW G 0 1 2 3 4 5

Predictable MW and Molecular Dimension Generation MW G 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 359 1043 2411 5147 10619 21563 43451 87227 174779 349883 700091 Number of Surface Groups 3 6 12 24 48 96 192 384 768 1536 3072 Number of Surface Groups = Nc. Nb. G Nc = 3, Nb = 2 Diameter (Å) predicated Actual CPK SEC 9. 6 (19. 2) 10. 8 12. 8 (28. 8) 15. 8 17. 6 (41. 6) 22. 0 24. 1 (51. 2) 31. 0 30. 6 (65. 6) 40. 0 38. 5 (81. 6) 53. 0 47. 5 (91. 2) 67. 0 61. 8 (104. 0) 80. 0 78. 0 (117. 0) 92. 0 98. 0 (130. 0) 105. 0 123. 0 (143. 0) 124. 0 Polydispersity Mw/ Mn= 1. 01 -1. 08 Branching ideality > 95 mol% Tomalia et al. , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 138.

Computer-Simulated Molecular Graphics Gen. 3 Gen. 4 Gen. 6 Gen. 5 Tomalia et al.

Computer-Simulated Molecular Graphics Gen. 3 Gen. 4 Gen. 6 Gen. 5 Tomalia et al. , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1990, 29, 138.

Shape versus Generation Aspect Ratio Iz/ Ix 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2.

Shape versus Generation Aspect Ratio Iz/ Ix 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 1. 0 Gen 0 computer simulation fluorescence probe ESR probe 1 2 3 4 5 early generation: open hemispherical dome later generation: closed spheroid Naylor et al. , J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 2339.

A New Route to Organic Nanotubes from Porphyrin Dendrimers, Yoonkyung Kim, Michael F. Mayer,

A New Route to Organic Nanotubes from Porphyrin Dendrimers, Yoonkyung Kim, Michael F. Mayer, and Steven C. Zimmerman, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 42, 1121 (2003)

Dendritic Polymers in Biomedical Applications: From Potential to Clinical Use in Diagnostics and Therapy,

Dendritic Polymers in Biomedical Applications: From Potential to Clinical Use in Diagnostics and Therapy, Salah-Eddine Stiriba, Holg er Frey, * and Rainer Haag, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 41, 1329 (2002).

Fullereny •

Fullereny •

FULLERENY

FULLERENY

FULLERENY

FULLERENY

SYNTEZA NANOMATERIAŁÓW W FAZIE CIEKŁEJ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles,

SYNTEZA NANOMATERIAŁÓW W FAZIE CIEKŁEJ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles, B. L. Cushing, V. L. Kolesnichenko, J. O’Connor, Chem. Rev. , 104, 3893 (2004) Nanoparticle Synthesis by Coprecipitation, Nucleation, Growth Termination and Nanoparticle Stabilization Coprecipitation Synthetic Methods Synthesis of Metals from Aqueous Solutions Precipitation of Metals by Reduction from Nonaqueous Solutions Precipitation of Metals by Electrochemical Reduction Precipitation of Metals by Radiation-Assisted Reduction Precipitation of Metals by Decomposition of Metallorganic Precursors Precipitation of Oxides from Aqueous Solutions Precipitation of Oxides from Nonaqueous Solutions Coprecipitation of Metal Chalconides by Reactions of Molecular Precursors

SYNTEZA NANOMATERIAŁÓW W FAZIE CIEKŁEJ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles,

SYNTEZA NANOMATERIAŁÓW W FAZIE CIEKŁEJ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles, B. L. Cushing, V. L. Kolesnichenko, J. O’Connor, Chem. Rev. , 104, 3893 (2004) Microwave-Assisted Coprecipitation Sonication-Assisted Coprecipitation Sol-Gel Processing Sol-Gel Chemistry of Metal Alkoxides Sol-Gel Chemistry of Aqueous Metal Cations Condensation Reactions of Hydrolyzed Metals Xerogel and Aerogel Formation Gel Sintering Sol-Gel Synthetic Methods Sol-Gel Syntheses of Oxides Sol-Gel Syntheses of Other Inorganics Sol-Gel Processing of Nanocomposites

SYNTEZA NANOMATERIAŁÓW W FAZIE CIEKŁEJ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles,

SYNTEZA NANOMATERIAŁÓW W FAZIE CIEKŁEJ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles, B. L. Cushing, V. L. Kolesnichenko, J. O’Connor, Chem. Rev. , 104, 3893 (2004) Microemulsions Synthesis of Core-Shell and Onion-Structured Nanoparticles Microemulsion Syntheses in Supercritical CO 2 The Germ-Growth Method Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Processing of Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites Principles of Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Processing Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods Solvothermal Processing of Nanocrystalline Oxides Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Nitrides and Chalcogenides Templated Syntheses Biomimetic Syntheses Surface-Derivatized Nanoparticles

REDUKCJA SOLI METALI HYDRAZYNĄ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles, B.

REDUKCJA SOLI METALI HYDRAZYNĄ Recent Advances in the Liquid-Phase Syntheses of Inorganic Nanoparticles, B. L. Cushing, V. L. Kolesnichenko, J. O’Connor, Chem. Rev. , 104, 3893 (2004

TEM image of Ag nanoparticles prepared in DMF (A) at room temperature and (B)

TEM image of Ag nanoparticles prepared in DMF (A) at room temperature and (B) under reflux conditions. Both samples are capped with 3 -(aminopropyl)-trimethoxy silane that sometimes forms a thin silica shell, as demonstrated by the inset in image B

NANOKLASTERY METALI OTRZYMANE W ROZTWORACH NIEWODNYCH

NANOKLASTERY METALI OTRZYMANE W ROZTWORACH NIEWODNYCH

(A) TEM micrograph of a 3 -D assembly of 6 nm assynthesized Fe 50

(A) TEM micrograph of a 3 -D assembly of 6 nm assynthesized Fe 50 Pt 50 particles. (B) TEM micrograph of a 3 -D assembly of 6 nm Fe 50 Pt 50 particles after replacing oleic acid-oleylamine with hexanoic acidhexylamine. (C) HRSEM image of a 180 nm thick, 4 nm Fe 52 Pt 48 nanocrystal assembly annealed at 560 °C for 30 min under 1 atm of N 2 gas. (D) HRTEM image of 4 nm Fe 52 Pt 48 nanocrystals annealed at 560 °C for 30 min.

SYNTEZA NANOMETRYCZNYCH TLENKÓW

SYNTEZA NANOMETRYCZNYCH TLENKÓW

SYNTEZA MIKROFALOWA

SYNTEZA MIKROFALOWA

(A) TEM images of 15 nm Au particles coated with thin silica layers: (top)

(A) TEM images of 15 nm Au particles coated with thin silica layers: (top) 18 h after addition of active silica; (center) 42 h after addition; (bottom) 5 days after addition. (B) The silica shell keeps growing, but eventually small Si. O 2 particles nucleate from solution.

SYNTEZA NANOKLASTERÓW METALI W MIKROEMULSJACH

SYNTEZA NANOKLASTERÓW METALI W MIKROEMULSJACH

STRUKTURA ELEKTRONOWA CHARAKTERYSTYCZNA DLA OBIEKTÓW NANOMETRYCZNYCH – DEFINICJA PASMA PRZEWODZENIA I WALENCYJNEGO Bands and

STRUKTURA ELEKTRONOWA CHARAKTERYSTYCZNA DLA OBIEKTÓW NANOMETRYCZNYCH – DEFINICJA PASMA PRZEWODZENIA I WALENCYJNEGO Bands and Bandgaps The electrons in bulk (much bigger than 10 nm) semiconductor material have a range of energies. One electron with a different energy than a second electron is described as being in a different energy level, and it is established that only two electrons can fit in any given level. In bulk, energy levels are very close together, so close that they are described as continuous, meaning there is almost no energy difference between them. It is also established that some energy levels are simply off limits to electrons; this region of forbidden electron energies is called the bandgap, and it is different for each bulk material. Electrons occupying energy levels below the bandgap are described as being in the valence band. Electrons occupying energy levels above the bandgap are described as being in the conduction band.

In reality and at room temperature, there are practically no electrons in the conduction

In reality and at room temperature, there are practically no electrons in the conduction band compared to the number in the valence band. Also in reality, the distance between energy levels in a band is practically zero compared to the size of the bandgap (in this diagram, the distance between energy levels has been blown up for visual ease).

KOLOR EMITOWANEGO ŚWIATŁA ZALEŻNY OD ROZMIARU NANOCZĄSTKI

KOLOR EMITOWANEGO ŚWIATŁA ZALEŻNY OD ROZMIARU NANOCZĄSTKI

Energy spectrum of nano structure

Energy spectrum of nano structure

0 -D: KROPKI KWANTOWE (QUANTUM DOTS)

0 -D: KROPKI KWANTOWE (QUANTUM DOTS)

Applications in biology of optical quantum dots 10 distinguishable colors of Zn. S coated

Applications in biology of optical quantum dots 10 distinguishable colors of Zn. S coated Cd. Se QDs Optical coding and tag based on emission wavelength of Zn. S coated Cd. S QDs

BIODIAGNOSTYKA

BIODIAGNOSTYKA

Shell-Tunneling Spectroscopy of the Single-Particle Energy Levels of Insulating Quantum Dots E. P. A.

Shell-Tunneling Spectroscopy of the Single-Particle Energy Levels of Insulating Quantum Dots E. P. A. M. Bakkers, Z. Hens, A. Zunger, A. Franceschetti, L. P. Kouwenhoven, L. Gurevich, and D. Vanmaekelbergh The energy levels of Cd. Se quantum dots are studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. By varying the tip-dot distance, we switch from "shell-filling" spectroscopy (where electrons accumulate in the dot and experience mutual repulsion) to "shell-tunneling" spectroscopy (where electrons tunnel, one at a time, through the dot). Shell-tunneling spectroscopy provides the single-particle energy levels of the Cd. Se quantum dot. The results of both types of tunneling spectroscopy are compared with pseudopotential many-body calculations.

0 -D: KROPKI KWANTOWE (QUANTUM DOTS) A Series of Double Well Semiconductor Quantum Dots

0 -D: KROPKI KWANTOWE (QUANTUM DOTS) A Series of Double Well Semiconductor Quantum Dots Dirk Dorfs and Alexander Eychmüller* Five-layered nanocrystals have been prepared that consist of a Cd. S core covered by a shell of Hg. S followed by several monolayers of Cd. S that are covered by again a shell of Hg. S and an outer cladding layer of Cd. S. The resulting quantum dots, thus, contain a double well electronic structure. Both Hg. S wells are either as thick as a monolayer or as two monolayers. The wells are separated by a wall of two to three monolayers of Cd. S giving rise to a family of double well semiconductor quantum dots. Absorption spectra of eight members of this family are presented together with some first results from TEM measurements

1 -D: NANORURKI, NANODRUTY, NANOWŁÓKNA Adsorption Modification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Tetraazaannulene Macrocyclic

1 -D: NANORURKI, NANODRUTY, NANOWŁÓKNA Adsorption Modification of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Tetraazaannulene Macrocyclic Complexes Elena V. Basiuk (Golovataya-Dzhymbeeva), * Elena V. Rybak-Akimova, Vladimir A. Basiuk, Dwight Acosta-Najarro, and José M. Saniger Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) strongly adsorb macrocyclic tetraazaannulene complexes Ni. TMTAA and Cu. TMTAA from ethanol solutions, with a SWNT/complex mass ratio of ca. 5: 4. According to the results of molecular mechanics modeling, this corresponds to dense monolayer coverage. A saddle-shaped conformation of the macrocyclic complexes facilitates their better accommodation on the cylindrical nanotube walls, resulting in highly ordered molecular arrays.

Introduction: common facts • • Discovered in 1991 by Iijima Unique material properties Nearly

Introduction: common facts • • Discovered in 1991 by Iijima Unique material properties Nearly one-dimensional structures Single- and multi-walled

Purification • Contaminants: – Catalyst particles – Carbon clusters – Smaller fullerenes: C 60

Purification • Contaminants: – Catalyst particles – Carbon clusters – Smaller fullerenes: C 60 / C 70 • Impossibilities: – Completely retain nanotube structure – Single-step purification • Only possible on very small scale: – Isolation of either semi-conducting SWNTs

Two Approaches for Surface Modification of MWNTS • Non-covalent attachment of molecules – van

Two Approaches for Surface Modification of MWNTS • Non-covalent attachment of molecules – van der Waals forces: polymer chain wrapping – Alters the MWNT surface to be compatible with the bulk polymer – Advantage: perfect structure of MWNT is unaltered • mechanical properties will not be reduced. – Disadvantage: forces between wrapping molecule / MWNT maybe weak • the efficiency of the load transfer might be low. • Covalent bonding of functional groups to walls and caps – Advantage: May improve the efficiency of load transfer • Specific to a given system – crosslinking possibilities – Disadvantage: might introduce defects on the walls of the MWNT • These defects will lower the strength of the reinforcing component.

Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Biocompatibility and Biomolecular Recognition Moonsub Shim, Nadine Wong Shi

Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Biocompatibility and Biomolecular Recognition Moonsub Shim, Nadine Wong Shi Kam, Robert J. Chen, Yiming Li, and Hongjie Dai* The interface between biological molecules and novel nanomaterials is important to developing new types of miniature devices for biological applications. Here, the streptavidin/biotin system is used to investigate the adsorption behavior of proteins on the sides of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Functionalization of SWNTs by coadsorption of a surfactant and poly(ethylene glycol) is found to be effective in resisting nonspecific adsorption of streptavidin. Specific binding of streptavidin onto SWNTs is achieved by co-functionalization of nanotubes with biotin and protein-resistant polymers.

Selective Coating of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Thin Si. O 2 Layer Qiang

Selective Coating of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Thin Si. O 2 Layer Qiang Fu, Chenguang Lu, and Jie Liu* Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been shown to be highly sensitive gas sensors. However, attaching functional groups with selective sensing functions on nanotubes without destroying the intrinsic electronic property of the nanotubes is still challenging. Here, we report a new method of coating SWNTs with a thin layer of Si. O 2 using 3 -aminopropyltriethoxyysilane as coupling layers. The thickness of the Si. O 2 could be controlled at about 1 nm. The coating of Si. O 2 on SWNTs was confirmed by burning the SWNTs in air. The effect of 3 aminopropyltriethoxyysilane was also discussed.

NANORURKI Z MATERIAŁÓW ORGANICZNYCH Representative nanotube structures with a hollow cylinder ca. 10 nm

NANORURKI Z MATERIAŁÓW ORGANICZNYCH Representative nanotube structures with a hollow cylinder ca. 10 nm wide, the profiles of which are classified on the basis of physical, chemical, and biological viewpoints. The bottom column indicates the building block that makes up the tubular assemblies. The images of the carbon nanotube and the microtubule are provided by NEC Corporation and National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (NPACI), respectively.

CZĄSTECZKI TWORZĄCE NANORURKI

CZĄSTECZKI TWORZĄCE NANORURKI

Diameter distribution of tubular structures that exist in the real world. Lipid nanotubes with

Diameter distribution of tubular structures that exist in the real world. Lipid nanotubes with less than 10 nm diameters are generally unavailable. Abbreviations: LNT, lipid nanotube; NT, nanotube; SWCNT, single-wall carbon nanotube; MWCNT, multiwall carbon nanotube; M. W, molecular weight; Agg. , aggregation.

Variety of nanotube structures whose syntheses start with molecular self-assembly of lowmolecular-weight or polymer

Variety of nanotube structures whose syntheses start with molecular self-assembly of lowmolecular-weight or polymer amphiphiles. (a and b) Molecular self-assembly into a nanotube or rod. (c) Coating of metals. (d and f) Deposition of metal alkoxides on the surfaces of the nanotubes and the subsequent calcination into a double-layered metal oxide nanotube. (e and g) Filling of metals and the subsequent removal of the organic shell that will result in the formation of a metal nanowire. (h and i) Deposition of metal alkoxides on the surface of the rod and the subsequent calcination into a single-layered metal oxide nanotube. (j and k) Molecular self-assembly by using a silica nanotube as a template. (m) Deposition of metal alkoxides on the surface of a hybrid nanotube.

Variety of methods to yield nanotube structures: (1) chiral molecular self-assembly; (2) packing-directed selfassemblybased

Variety of methods to yield nanotube structures: (1) chiral molecular self-assembly; (2) packing-directed selfassemblybased on an unsymmetrical bolaamphiphile; (3) selfassembly of a rod-coil copolymer into a nanotube; (4) nanotube formation from a triblock copolymer via a molecular sculpting process, which involves (f) self-assembly, (g) cross-linking of the shell, and (h) decomposition of the core by ozonolysis; (5) selfassembly or deposition of molecules inside the pore as substrate.

Possible formation mechanism of lipid nanotubes based on chiral molecular self-assembly. The illustration of

Possible formation mechanism of lipid nanotubes based on chiral molecular self-assembly. The illustration of the spherical vesicle was provided courtesy of Dr. Yoko Takiguchi of Nagoya University.

Various self-assembled morphologies depending on the critical packing parameter (P) of each lipid.

Various self-assembled morphologies depending on the critical packing parameter (P) of each lipid.

Schematic illustrations of the self-assembled morphologies of helical solid bilayers in high-axial-ratio nanostructures: (a)

Schematic illustrations of the self-assembled morphologies of helical solid bilayers in high-axial-ratio nanostructures: (a) twisted ribbon; (b and c) loosely coiled ribbon; (d) tightly coiled ribbon; (e) nanotube with helical marking; (f) nanotube without helical marking.

Schematic diagram for the fabrication of a glucose-derived LNT hollow cylinder, filled with Au

Schematic diagram for the fabrication of a glucose-derived LNT hollow cylinder, filled with Au nanocrystals, which selfassembled from 32.

2 -D: NANOWARSTWY METHODS OF SURFACE COVERAGE PHYSICAL • • SPIN-COATING BUBLE JET PRINTING

2 -D: NANOWARSTWY METHODS OF SURFACE COVERAGE PHYSICAL • • SPIN-COATING BUBLE JET PRINTING MOLECULAR VAPOUR DEPOSITION EPITAXIAL GROWTH STM MANIPULATION THERMAL SPRAY LANGMUIR-BLODGETT DEPOSITION HIGH VACUUM VAPOUR DEPOSITION CHEMICAL • • • CHEMISORPTION COVALENT BINDING ELECTROCRYSTALLISATION ELECTROPOLYMERISATION PHOTOPOLYMERISATION ELECTRIC FIELD POLYMERISATION

TYPES OF SURFACES NANOSCOPIC • NANOCOLLOIDS • NANOCRYSTALLITES • NANOSPHERES • NANOTUBES • NANORODS

TYPES OF SURFACES NANOSCOPIC • NANOCOLLOIDS • NANOCRYSTALLITES • NANOSPHERES • NANOTUBES • NANORODS • NANOFIBERS • CLUSTERS MEZOSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC MESOSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC • COLLOIDS • THIN SOLID FILMS • TUBULAR STRUCTURES • VESICLES • LIPOSOMES

MATERIALS 3 D SURFACES • ELEMENTS: Ag, Au, Cu, platinum metals, C, Si, •

MATERIALS 3 D SURFACES • ELEMENTS: Ag, Au, Cu, platinum metals, C, Si, • SEMICONDUCTORS: Cd. S, Cd. Se, Hg. Te, Ti. O 2, Zr. O 2, Pb. S, Zn. Se, Ga. N • INSULATORS: Si. O 2 2 D SURFACES • ELEMENTS: Ag, Au, Cu, platinum metals, C, Si

ANCHORING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: COVALENT BINDING Si(OMe)3, NCS, NCO, COCl, for surfaces with OH groups:

ANCHORING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: COVALENT BINDING Si(OMe)3, NCS, NCO, COCl, for surfaces with OH groups: Si. O 2, C, Si, Ti. O 2, Zr. O 2, In-Sn-oxide (ITO) NON-COVALENT BINDING RS, RSSR, RNHCS 2, RS 2 O 3 -, thiophene, RSe. Se. R, for surfaces: Au, Ag, Cu, platinum metals, Cd. S, Zn. Se, Hg. Te RCOO, for Ag RPO 32 -, for Al 2 O 3, Ti. O 2, Zr. O 2

SURFACE MODIFICATION WITH METAL OXIDES AND THIOLS surface conditioning with thiols hydrolysis, drying, conditioning

SURFACE MODIFICATION WITH METAL OXIDES AND THIOLS surface conditioning with thiols hydrolysis, drying, conditioning M(OR)n conditioning M = Al, Zr, Ti, Si, B, Ge, Hf, Ta, Nb, V, Ge, Sn, In, Y

Chemoselective Immobilization of Gold Nanoparticle onto Self-Assembled Monolayers, Eugene W. L. Chan and Luping

Chemoselective Immobilization of Gold Nanoparticle onto Self-Assembled Monolayers, Eugene W. L. Chan and Luping Yu, Langmuir 2002, 18, 311 -313 Figure 1. Immobilization of a colloid decorated with 11 mercapto-2 -undecanone and dodecanethiol onto a mixed mono-layer presenting aminooxy and methyl groups. The aminooxyand ketone groups form a stable oxime linkage at the inter-face.

Surface Inorganic Chemistry: The Reaction of Hydroxyl-Terminated Thiols on Gold with a Zirconium Coordination

Surface Inorganic Chemistry: The Reaction of Hydroxyl-Terminated Thiols on Gold with a Zirconium Coordination Compound, Christian Dicke, † Marcus Morstein, * and Georg Ha¨ hner †, Langmuir 2002, 18, 336 -344 Figure 8. Schematic of the reaction and retroreaction of Zr(acac)2(hfip)2 with a hydroxylterminated alkanethiol film and the resulting organic/inorganic architecture.

Preparation of Dendritic Multisulfides and Their Assembly on Air/Water Interfaces and Gold Surfaces Maik

Preparation of Dendritic Multisulfides and Their Assembly on Air/Water Interfaces and Gold Surfaces Maik Liebau, Henk M. Janssen, Kazuhiko Inoue, Seiji Shinkai, Jurriaan Huskens, Rint P. Sijbesma, E. W. Meijer, and David N. Reinhoudt, Langmuir 2002, 18, 674 -682 Figure 3. Cyclic voltammetric current response vs applied potential for dendritic adsorbates and CH 3(CH 2)9 S(CH 2)9 CH 3 on gold. The solution contains 1 m. M Fe(CN)6 3 - /Fe(CN)4 - as external redox couple in 0. 1 M K 2 SO 4. The scan rate is 100 m. V/s.

3 -D: NANOKOLOIDY, KLASTERY, PROSZKI Metal Directed Assembly of Terpyridine-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Tyler B.

3 -D: NANOKOLOIDY, KLASTERY, PROSZKI Metal Directed Assembly of Terpyridine-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Tyler B. Norsten, Benjamin L. Frankamp, and Vincent M. Rotello* Terpyridine capped gold nanoparticles (ca. 2. 0 nm diameter) form large aggregates in the presence of metal ions [Fe(II), Zn(II), Cu(I), Ag(I)]. The assembly process is a result of metal coordination between two terpyridines that are attached to separate nanoparticles. The stability of the aggregates in various solvents and in the presence of excess terpyridine can be controlled through choice of bridging metal. Small angle X-ray scattering experiments indicate regular interparticle distances that increase as the length of the supporting monolayer is extended.

Self-Organization of Spherical Aggregates of Palladium Nanoparticles with a Cubic Silsesquioxane Kensuke Naka, *

Self-Organization of Spherical Aggregates of Palladium Nanoparticles with a Cubic Silsesquioxane Kensuke Naka, * Hideaki Itoh, and Yoshiki Chujo* Uniform spherical aggregates of palladium nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 70 nm were produced by stirring of palladium(II) acetate with octa(3 -aminopropyl)octasilsesquioxane octahydrochloride (1) as a cubic-linker in methanol at room temperature via self-organized spherical templates of palladium ions and 1. Transmission electron microscopy investigation showed that the highly ordered spherical aggregates were composed of the palladium nanoparticles with a size of 4. 0 nm.

Efficient Phase Transfer of Luminescent Thiol-Capped Nanocrystals: From Water to Nonpolar Organic Solvents Nikolai

Efficient Phase Transfer of Luminescent Thiol-Capped Nanocrystals: From Water to Nonpolar Organic Solvents Nikolai Gaponik, * Dmitri V. Talapin, Andrey L. Rogach, Alexander Eychmüller, and Horst Weller Highly luminescent thiol-capped Cd. Te and Hg. Te nanocrystals synthesized in aqueous solutions were subject to a partial exchange of capping ligands with 1 -dodecanethiol and transferred into different nonpolar organic solvents. It was found that acetone plays an important role in an efficient phase transfer of the nanocrystals. Both Cd. Te and Hg. Te nanocrystals retain their luminescence properties after being transferred to organic solvents, thus providing a new source of easily processable luminescent materials for possible applications in photovoltaics and optoelectronics.

Antigen/Antibody Immunocomplex from Cd. Te Nanoparticle Bioconjugates Shaopeng Wang, * Natalia Mamedova, Nicholas A.

Antigen/Antibody Immunocomplex from Cd. Te Nanoparticle Bioconjugates Shaopeng Wang, * Natalia Mamedova, Nicholas A. Kotov, * Wei Chen, and Joe Studer Complementary bioconjugates based on antibody-antigen interactions were synthesized from luminescent Cd. Te nanoparticles (NPs). Antigen (bovine serum albumin) was conjugated to redemitting Cd. Te NPs, while green-emitting NPs were attached to the corresponding anti-BSA antibody (Ig. G). The NP bioconjugates were characterized by native and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, gelpermeation HPLC, and circular dichroism. Antigen-antibody binding affinity was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The formation of BSA-Ig. G immunocomplex resulted in the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the two different NPs: the luminescence of green-emitting NPs was quenched whereas the emission of the red-emitting NPs was enhanced. The luminescence recovered when the immunocomplex was exposed to an unlabeled antigen. The immunocomplexes can be considered as a prototype of NP superstructures based on biospecific ligands, while the competitive FRET inhibition can be used in an immunoassay protocol.

Facile Azidothermal Metathesis Route to Gallium Nitride Nanoparticles Jianjun Wang, Luke Grocholl, and Edward

Facile Azidothermal Metathesis Route to Gallium Nitride Nanoparticles Jianjun Wang, Luke Grocholl, and Edward G. Gillan* This report describes a straightforward, metathesis (exchange) reaction between gallium chloride and sodium azide that produces gallium nitride nanoparticles below 210 C. Slowly heating these two reagents together circumvents rapid, exothermic reactions, which can decompose the nitride product. The resulting Ga. N powders are nanocrystalline and crystallize to the hexagonal phase upon annealing. Well-formed nanoparticles (ca. 50 nm) are clearly resolved in annealed samples, while as-synthesized particles sizes are near 10 nm.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoprisms in DMF Isabel Pastoriza-Santos and Luis M. Liz-Marzán* Polygonal (mainly

Synthesis of Silver Nanoprisms in DMF Isabel Pastoriza-Santos and Luis M. Liz-Marzán* Polygonal (mainly triangular) silver nanoprisms were synthesized by boiling Ag. NO 3 in N, N-dimethyl formamide, in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone). Although during the synthesis, a mixture of nanoprisms and nanospheroids is formed, the latter can be removed through careful centrifugation. The UV-visible spectra of the nanoprisms display an intense in-plane dipolar plasmon resonance band, as well as weak bands for in-plane and out-of-plane quadrupolar resonances. The nanoprisms are also stable in other solvents, such as ethanol and water, and solvent exchange leads to strong shifts of the in-plane dipole plasmon band.

Size Tunable Visible Luminescence from Individual Organic Monolayer Stabilized Silicon Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Douglas

Size Tunable Visible Luminescence from Individual Organic Monolayer Stabilized Silicon Nanocrystal Quantum Dots Douglas S. English, Lindsay E. Pell, Zhonghua Yu, Paul F. Barbara, and Brian A. Korgel* Quantum confinement in nanostructured silicon can lead to efficient light emission. However, the photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes in nanostructured silicon are typically very long-approximately 3 orders of magnitude longer than those of direct band gap semiconductors. Herein, we show that organic monolayer coated silicon nanocrystals ranging from 1 to 10 nm in diameter emit with nanosecond-scale lifetimes and high quantum yields, making it possible to measure the PL spectra of single Si quantum dots. The Si quantum dots demonstrate stochastic single-step "blinking" behavior and size-dependent PL spectra with line widths approximately only three times greater than those measured for Cd. Se nanocrystals at room temperature.

Dendritic Nanoreactors Encapsulating Pd Particles for Substrate-Specific Hydrogenation of Olefins Masahiko Ooe, Makoto Murata,

Dendritic Nanoreactors Encapsulating Pd Particles for Substrate-Specific Hydrogenation of Olefins Masahiko Ooe, Makoto Murata, Tomoo Mizugaki, Kohki Ebitani, and Kiyotomi Kaneda* Dendrimer-encapsulated Pd(0) nanoparticles inside poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers functionalized with triethoxybenzamide groups have been prepared by extraction of Pd 2+ and subsequent chemical reduction. The resulting dendrimer-Pd nanocomposites are unique catalysts for substrate-specific hydrogenation of polar olefins, due to the strong interaction between polar substrates and tertiary amino groups within the dendrimers.

Generation of Cytotoxic Singlet Oxygen via Phthalocyanine-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: A Potential Delivery Vehicle for

Generation of Cytotoxic Singlet Oxygen via Phthalocyanine-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: A Potential Delivery Vehicle for Photodynamic Therapy Duncan C. Hone, † Peter I. Walker, † Richard Evans-Gowing, ‡ Simon Fitz. Gerald, § Andrew Beeby, § Isabelle Chambrier, † Michael J. Cook, † and David A. Russell* , Langmuir 2002, 18, 2985 -2987 Figure 2. Transmission electron micrograph of phthalocyaninestabilized gold nanoparticles. The scale bar represents 20 nm.

Dialkyl Sulfides: Novel Passivating Agents for Gold Nanoparticles, Elwyn J. Shelley, Declan Ryan, Simon

Dialkyl Sulfides: Novel Passivating Agents for Gold Nanoparticles, Elwyn J. Shelley, Declan Ryan, Simon R. Johnson, Martin Couillard, Donald Fitzmaurice, Peter D. Nellist, Yu Chen, Richard E. Palmer, and Jon A. Preece, 1791 Langmuir 2002, 18, 1791 -1795 Figure 5. a) TEM micrographs of C 10 SC 10 (left) and C 18 SC 10 (right) passivated nanoparticles. b) Scheme of designed inter-digitation mode for C 18 SC 10. c) Scheme of interdigitation mode for alkanethiol passivated nanoparticles. d) Scheme of proposed interdigitation mode found in all dialkyl sulfide passivated nanoparticles.

Hyperbranched Polyesters on Solid Surfaces, A. Sidorenko, X. W. Zhai, S. Peleshanko, A. Greco,

Hyperbranched Polyesters on Solid Surfaces, A. Sidorenko, X. W. Zhai, S. Peleshanko, A. Greco, V. V. Shevchenko, and, V. V. Tsukruk, Langmuir 2001, 17, 5924 -5931 Figure 2. Kinetics of adsorption from the 1 g/L solution normalized to the saturation level of HBP 3 (filled circles) and HBP 4 (hollow circles) on bare Si surface Figure 1. Idealized chemical structure of HBP 4 molecule.

Hyperbranched Polyesters on Solid Surfaces, A. Sidorenko, X. W. Zhai, S. Peleshanko, A. Greco,

Hyperbranched Polyesters on Solid Surfaces, A. Sidorenko, X. W. Zhai, S. Peleshanko, A. Greco, V. V. Shevchenko, and, V. V. Tsukruk, Langmuir 2001, 17, 5924 -5931 Figure 6. High-resolution image (1 1 ím) of HBP 4 molecules adsorbed from the solution of 0. 3 g/L concentration, height scale is 5 nm, and the cross-section shows height variation along thelines shown on the image.

METALE, PÓŁPRZEWODNIKI, IZOLATORY

METALE, PÓŁPRZEWODNIKI, IZOLATORY

Fullerene-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. A Self-Assembled Photoactive Antenna. Metal Nanocore Assembly P. K. Sudeep, Binil

Fullerene-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. A Self-Assembled Photoactive Antenna. Metal Nanocore Assembly P. K. Sudeep, Binil Itty Ipe, K. George Thomas, and M. V. George, Said Barazzouk, Surat Hotchandani, and Prashant V. Kamat, NANOLETTERS, 2, 29, 2002

Biofunctionalization of Silica-Coated Cd. Te and Gold Nanocrystals Andrea Schroedter and Horst Weller, Ramon

Biofunctionalization of Silica-Coated Cd. Te and Gold Nanocrystals Andrea Schroedter and Horst Weller, Ramon Eritja, William E. Ford and Jurina M. Wessels, NANOLETTERS, 2, 1363, 2002 This contribution reports the synthesis of water-soluble silica-coated Cd. Te nanocrystals that possess an ideally designed ligand shell with respect to colloidal properties and surface coupling reactions. We describe conjugation strategies for the modification of the fluorescent biocompatible nanocrystals with biomolecules that provide a molecular recognition potential like the biotin/avidin couple and DNA.

ZASTOSOWANIA MODYFIKOWANYCH NANOCZĄSTEK: DIAGNOSTYKA MEDYCZNA

ZASTOSOWANIA MODYFIKOWANYCH NANOCZĄSTEK: DIAGNOSTYKA MEDYCZNA

WYZWANIA PERSPECTIVES ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: (bio)sensors, electronic nose, „lab-on- chip”, bio-chips, electrode modifications, nano-ISFETS, nanodevices

WYZWANIA PERSPECTIVES ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: (bio)sensors, electronic nose, „lab-on- chip”, bio-chips, electrode modifications, nano-ISFETS, nanodevices for trace analysis CATALYSIS: new catalytic materials, solar energy conversion, photocatalytic waste degradation MICROELECTRONICS: telecommunications, planar waveguides, photonic cristalls, biochips, nanocirquits, organic and hybrid materials for memories, optoelectronic devices, OLED-s, flat electroluminescent displays, photochromic devices, powder lasers

ZAGROŻENIA BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU!!! ZASTOSOWANIA MILITARNE NANOELEKTRONIKA NANOCHIPY WSZCZEPIALNE W MOMENCIE URODZENIA

ZAGROŻENIA BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU!!! ZASTOSOWANIA MILITARNE NANOELEKTRONIKA NANOCHIPY WSZCZEPIALNE W MOMENCIE URODZENIA TOTALNA KONTROLA KAŻDEGO OBYWATELA NA ZIEMI

POTENCJALNE ZAGROŻENIA DLA ZDROWIA

POTENCJALNE ZAGROŻENIA DLA ZDROWIA

Potential bio-uptake of nanoscale particulates. • Nanoparticles may enter living cells via: – Endocytosis

Potential bio-uptake of nanoscale particulates. • Nanoparticles may enter living cells via: – Endocytosis • Receptor activation for initiation – Membrane penetration • Generally occurs with very hydrophobic particles – Transmembrane channels • May be seen with very small nanoparticles (< 5 nm? ) Adapted from presentation of Vicki Colvin, Rice University.

Potential bio-accumulation of nanoscale particles. • Accumulation of a substance within a species can

Potential bio-accumulation of nanoscale particles. • Accumulation of a substance within a species can occur due to lack of degradation or excretion. • Many nanoparticles are not biodegradable. • If nanoparticles enter organisms low in the food web, they may be expected to accumulate in organisms higher in the food web. Very little is understood about possible health effects of nanoparticle exposure! Adapted from presentation of Vicki Colvin, Rice University.

Potential human hazards for nanoscale particulates. Inhalation: Inhaled particles induce inflammation in respiratory tract,

Potential human hazards for nanoscale particulates. Inhalation: Inhaled particles induce inflammation in respiratory tract, causing tissue damage. Example: Inhalation of silica particles in industrial workers causes “silicosis”. Dermal exposure: Particles may enter body through the skin. Potential hazards are unknown at present. Ingestion: nanoparticles may cause liver damage. Ingested nanoparticles (i. e. for oral drug delivery) have been found to accumulate in the liver. Excessive immune/inflammatory responses cause permanent liver damage. Other: ocular, …. Adapted from presentation of Vicki Colvin, Rice University.

Semiconductor nanoparticules. Red- and green-emitting quantum dots highlight the mitochondria and nuclei, respectively, of

Semiconductor nanoparticules. Red- and green-emitting quantum dots highlight the mitochondria and nuclei, respectively, of human epithelial cells in culture. Although these colorful nanocrystals don't seem to harm the cells, could they pose unforeseen hazards to people or the environment? Silica-coated semiconductor nanocrystals are readily incorporated into a wide variety of eukaryotic cells. In experiments where the quantum dots are deposited on a collagen substrate and then cells are deposited on top of this, the cells incorporate any quantum dots that underlie them When the cells migrate on a substrate, they ingest all the dots they pass over providing a convenient and rapid way for assessing the cells' potential to metastasize, or spread (as a cancer) from one part of the body to another [Adv. Mater. , 14, 882 (2002)]. The dots appear to go into cells as "inert spectators. " The cells remain healthy and even continue to divide, with each cell division reducing the number of dots in any given cell. The dots have no discernible effect on the cells. ---- A. Paul Alivisatos

Observations and tentative conclusions. • Granulomas were observed in lungs 7 d or 90

Observations and tentative conclusions. • Granulomas were observed in lungs 7 d or 90 d after an instillation of 0. 5 mg NT per mouse (also in some with 0. 1 mg); • NT, regardless synthetic methods, types and amounts of residual catalytic metals, produced granulomas; • Lung lesions in the 90 -d NT groups, in most cases, more pronounced than those in the 7 -d groups. • Our study shows that, on an equal-weight basis, if carbon nanotubes reach the lungs, they are much more toxic than carbon black and can be more toxic than quartz, which is considered a serious occupational health hazard in chronic inhalation exposures. • If fine NT dusts are present in a work environment, exposure protection strategies should be implemented to minimize human exposures. From Lam presentation

Governmental regulation - particulate matter. From presentation E. Clayton Teague, NNCO, April 2004.

Governmental regulation - particulate matter. From presentation E. Clayton Teague, NNCO, April 2004.

Problem areas for regulation of particulates. From presentation E. Clayton Teague, NNCO, April 2004.

Problem areas for regulation of particulates. From presentation E. Clayton Teague, NNCO, April 2004.

KONKLUZJA SPRAWDZENIEM WARTOŚCI WIEDZY JEST JEJ MOC USZLACHETNIANIA I OCZYSZCZANIA ŻYCIA ANNIE BESANT

KONKLUZJA SPRAWDZENIEM WARTOŚCI WIEDZY JEST JEJ MOC USZLACHETNIANIA I OCZYSZCZANIA ŻYCIA ANNIE BESANT