PNWSAWWA 2008 Annual Conference Bottled Water Tapping the

PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference Bottled Water: Tapping the Trends Patrick Weber Brown and Caldwell

Outline § § § § What is bottled water? Industry growth and consumer choices Marketing strategies Regulations and standards Water quality and independent studies Plastic bottles Tips for personal use PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Why does this matter? § It’s an important related industry – Maintain awareness of trends § Despite media attention, not necessarily bottle vs. tap – Some ads both ways take that approach – Cases of “implied impurity” § Is growth in bottled water consumption a threat to municipal suppliers? – Not directly – Public perception is important § We’ll come back to this PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

What is bottled water?

What is bottled water? § Sources: – Artesian – Spring – Mineral – Well – Municipal – Surface § FDA rules for labeling certain types PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

What is bottled water? § Containers: – Bottle – Water cooler – Counter-top spigot – Gallon jug – Other § Materials – Plastic – Glass PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

What is bottled water? § For U. S. consumers: – 60 -70% sold in the same state it’s bottled – About 5% imported – About 25% from municipal sources § Aquafina and Dasani reportedly going to voluntarily label as “from public sources” – Both do reverse osmosis and/or other filtration and mineral addition § Many bottlers do some type of filtration or other treatment, or add minerals for taste § Other types: sparkling, flavored, vitamin enhanced, etc. PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Consumption Trends

Consumption Trends § The bottled water industry is the 2 nd largest commercial beverage category in the US. § In 2007 there were 8. 8 billion gallons of bottled water sold in the US, which is an increase of 6. 9% from the previous year. § The average consumption in the US was over 29 gallons person, more than any other beverage annually. PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Consumption Trends U. S. BOTTLED WATER MARKET Volume and Producer Revenues 2000 - 2008(P) Millions of Annual Year Gallons % Change Dollars % Change 2000 4, 725. 1 -- $6, 113. 0 -- 2001 5, 185. 3 9. 7% $6, 880. 6 12. 6% 2002 5, 795. 7 11. 8% $7, 901. 4 14. 8% 2003 6, 269. 8 8. 2% $8, 526. 4 7. 9% 2004 6, 806. 7 8. 6% $9, 169. 5 7. 5% 2005 7, 538. 9 10. 8% $10, 007. 4 9. 1% 2006 8, 253. 5 9. 5% $10, 857. 8 8. 5% 2007 8, 823. 0 6. 9% $11, 705. 9 7. 8% 2008(P) 9, 418. 0 6. 7% $12, 573. 5 7. 4% (P) Preliminary Source: Beverage Marketing Corporation PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Consumption Trends § U. S. vs. International Consumption: #1 in total volume consumed #9 in per capita consumption GLOBAL BOTTLED WATER MARKET Per Capita Consumption by Leading Countries 2002 – 2007 Rank Gallons Per Capita Countries 2002 2007 1 United Arab Emirates 35. 2 68. 6 2 Mexico 37. 7 54. 1 3 Italy 44. 2 53. 3 4 Belgium-Luxembourg 32. 7 39. 5 5 France 37. 1 35. 8 6 Germany 27. 8 33. 3 7 Spain 29. 7 31. 7 8 Lebanon 24. 9 29. 3 9 United States 20. 1 29. 3 Hungary 13. 5 28. 5 10 PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Consumer Choices

Consumer Choices § Phone survey of Washington residents – Conducted April 2007 as part of DOH Tap Water campaign § Key points: – 55% prefer tap water – 45% prefer bottled water – More likely to prefer tap: § Males, people over 35, and households without children – More likely to prefer bottled: § Females, people under 35, and households with children PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Why choose bottled or tap? PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Advantages of Bottled PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Advantages of Tap PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Which Do You Trust More? PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Consumer Choices § Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) (from AWWA, 1993): – Why People Drink Bottled Water PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Consumer Choices § International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) reasons: – Convenient choice. – Alternative for people living in the developing world. – Consistently safe, quality, good taste and convenience. – An alternative to other bottled beverages that are high in calories and sugar content. – Most people drink both bottled and tap water and it is not an issue of one vs. the other. PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Consumer Choices Three trends emerging in the industry: – North Americans have started to buy cheaper bottled water such as those sold by Coke and Pepsi (Dasani and Aquafina) – Many top producers are starting to create nutrientenriched waters in the hopes to create a new growth frontier for the industry. – The most widespread industry trend is flavored bottled water. (Beverage Marketing Corp) PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Major Suppliers and Marketing Approaches

Major Suppliers § Leading Global Suppliers: – Nestlé – Danone – Coca-Cola – Pepsi. Co PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Major Suppliers § Popular Bottled Water in the U. S. (no particular order): 1. Fiji Water – Paramount Citrus product 2. Poland Springs – Nestlé product 3. Evian – Danone product 4. Aquafina – Pepsi. Co product 5. Dasani – Coke product PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § Overview: “There's no question about it: Fiji is far away. But when it comes to drinking water, "remote" happens to be very, very good. Look at it this way. FIJI Water is drawn from an artesian aquifer, located at the very edge of a primitive rainforest, hundreds of miles away from the nearest continent. That very distance is part of what makes us so much more pure and so much healthier than other bottled waters. ” PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § Marketing Slogans/Strategies: § “Untouched by man” § Soft smooth taste that is healthy for you; infused with calcium and magnesium, fluoride, silica, p. H and bicarbonate § Plan to be Carbon Negative in 2008 § Reducing the amount of packaging used by 20% over 3 years § “Far from pollution. Far from acid rain. Far from industrial waste. ” § Working with Conservation International to protect the Fiji rainforest PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § Overview: Poland Springs Natural Spring Water started as a world-renowned spa in Main in the 19 th century. It started bottling its water in 1845. § Marketing Slogans/Strategies: – “Just may be the best tasting water on earth” – “Sweetness is overrated – keep your kids healthy and hydrated. ” – No fat, no calories, no cholesterol – Sip smarter, live longer PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § Claims made: § Water comes from ancient aquifers created by a retreating glacier 20, 000 years ago § Continuously fed by water from rainfall and melting snow the water percolates through layers of fine sand gravel to produce spring water with a clean, crisp, refreshing taste § Screened for 200 possible contaminators, which is more than the FDA and state regulations PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § Claims made: § “Each drop of Evian Natural Spring Water starts off as rain and snow high up in the pristine peaks of the French Alps, traveling through a vast mineral aquifer deep within the mountains before emerging at last at the spring in Evianles-Bains. This amazing journey is the secret to Evian’s purity and takes over 15 years. ” § “When you drink Evian, you drink what the Alps has given it. ” PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § Marketing Slogans/Strategies: § “Untouched by man perfect by nature” § Limited edition bottles are available to “dress up your table”. § Other terms used: luxury, pure, balanced, miracle of nature. PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § Overview: Aquafina water comes from public water sources and then goes through a state-of –the-art Hyd. RO-7 step purifying process. § Marketing Slogans/Strategies: § “Pure Water, Perfect Taste” § Aquafina Alive is a nutrient enhanced water beverage – “Water brings things to life, including you” § Produced in 40 locations so that water does not need to be transported long distances PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Ads: PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Ads: PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Approaches § International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Ads: PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Marketing Summary § The bottled water companies listed above don’t make any direct claims toward tap water. § They indicate that their water has consistently good taste and high water quality. § Bottled water is made to be seen as an exotic and healthy alternative to tap water. § Bottled water is marketed for its convenience and lifestyle. It is associated with fit, healthy and attractive individuals (i. e. models and MLB players) PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Counter Marketing § Counter marketing claims – Mostly driven by cost and the environment § Bottled water can cost more gallon for gallon than gasoline, and 1, 000 times more than tap water. § 2. 7 million tons of plastic were used to bottle water as of 2005 (Bottled Water: Pouring Resources Down the Drain - http: //www. earth-policy. org/Updates/2006/Update 51. htm) § In the US alone more than 1. 5 million barrels of oil are consumed in making the bottles. (http: //www. sierraclub. org/committees/cac/water/bottled_water/) PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Regulations and Standards

Regulations and Standards § Bottled water is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food product – Interstate commerce only (30 -40% of U. S. sold bottled water) – States can regulate local production § 40 states do § Washington State adopted federal language – Reportedly low staff levels for inspection and enforcement at federal and state levels § Low priority, lack of resources lead to infrequent inspections § Tap water regulated by EPA or states with primacy – Washington State DOH has primacy PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Regulations and Standards PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Federal Regulations and Standards § Bottled Water specifics: § Tap Water specifics: – Subject to Good Manufacturing, – Extensive coliform testing, Quality, and Labeling standards quarterly chemical testing – Weekly coliform testing, annual chemical testing – results only – More stringent on public if inspected by FDA bacteriological testing – FDA very similar to EPA for IOCs, – Subject to “Right to Know” VOCs, SVOCs, and SOCs annual reports – More stringent on lead (15 ppb vs. 5 ppb) – Source water protection – Can have coliform up to a limit required – Can sell water that fails coliform – Standards include phthalates and chemical tests, if labeled as such (who would buy this? ) – Required to test for Crypto and – No mechanism for international Giardia plant inspections PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

State and Industry Regulations and Standards § State of Washington: – Both bottled and tap regulated by the Department of Health – Bottled regulation matches federal rules § International Bottled Water Association – Voluntary membership that covers approximately 80% of U. S. supply – Standards generally as strict or more strict than FDA and EPA regulations, but no real enforcement mechanism – Annual third party inspection for members, reporting of results unclear PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Water Quality Studies

Water Quality Studies § National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Study, March 1999 § Tested 1, 000 bottles from 103 brands. § Tested against Federal, State (strict California), and Industry standards § Found 22% violated CA standards, mostly for arsenic and synthetic organic compounds § 17% exceeded industry guidelines for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) – FDA does not consider heterotrophic bacteria to be of public health significance § 4% exceeded federal standards for fluoride or excessive coliform, but passed when the same brand was retested § 1 sample exceeded the tap water standard for phthalates (no bottled water standard) PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Water Quality Studies § Case Western Reserve University – Compared 57 bottles to Cleveland tap water § 39 bottles purer than tap § 15 significantly higher bacteria § All safe to drink § Kansas Department of Health and the Environment – Tested 80 bottled water samples § All had detectable levels of various regulated constituents § 46 had phthalates, 12 exceeding federal safety levels PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Plastic Packaging

Plastic Packaging § What is PET? – Polyethylene terephthalate § Petroleum product – 30% of world’s supply of this compound goes to bottles – 60% to clothes § Relatively easily recycled – PET denoted by the #1 recycling symbol – Consumer Recycling Institute says 86% end up as litter or in landfills § 2. 7 tons (world), 1. 5 millions barrels of oil (U. S. ) PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Plastic Packaging § Phthalates – Family of plasticizer chemicals – Used in production of a wide variety of consumer products – EPA standard of 6 ppb; no FDA standard – DEHP is one of the most common – used in PVC manufacturing § Low water solubility § Possible carcinogen and endocrine disruptor – Amount of possible leaching, and effects are unclear § NRDC study did not find major incidence of DEHP in bottled water. § Leaching from the bottle or present in the source? PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Plastic Packaging § Bisphenol A – Endocrine disruptor – Can leach from polycarbonate containers, including water coolers and outdoor bottles. – Most concern about polycarbonate baby bottles, baby food containers § Canada recently announced plans to ban it for baby-related products § Nalgene announced April 19 that they will phase out bottles containing Bisphenol A over the next several months PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Plastic Packaging § Urban Legends? § E-mails about risks from heating/freezing bottles – Freezing may actually slow leaching down, although unlikely to be a big impact either way – Heating less certain, still under debate § The greater actual risk: – Bacteria growth in open/reusable bottles, particularly “singleuse” bottles, since they tend to have irregular surfaces that are difficult to clean. PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Implications for Municipal Water Purveyors

Implications for Municipal Water Purveyors § Bottled water and tap water are both generally of high quality § Important that the public value tap water – Play the PR game – resist implications that tap water is inferior or unsafe § Be aware of and address as possible the “consumer choice” factors § Talking points: – Cost of water, environmental factors, energy/material/transportation efficiency, good quality, sustainability(!) § Consider selling/distributing bottles or stickers with Utility/District name – market as a local source of pride § Make use of available resources – see links PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Implications for Municipal Water Purveyors Seattle Times, March 13, 2008: To cut down on trash and help the environment, the city of Seattle will stop buying bottled water, Mayor Greg Nickels announced Thursday (March 13). The city could save as much as $58, 000 a year, officials said, by not purchasing bottled water for events or water-cooler jugs for its workers. "It is to really highlight the fact that Seattle has one of the best municipal water supplies in the country, " said Marty Mc. Omber, the mayor's spokesman. "When you look at the cost of bottled water, both in terms of financial costs and costs on the environment, it's a pretty clear choice that using city water is a much better choice. " PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Personal Use Tips

Personal Use Tips § Don’t reuse single-use bottles – hard to wash § Do use bottles designed to be reused, and wash regularly to avoid bacteria growth (non-polycarbonate plastic, stainless steel, other) § Leaving open/reusable water bottles in a hot car or other warm place encourages bacteria growth – avoid that § If you don’t care for the taste of your local water, try a filter PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference

Links For more information: FDA: www. fda. gov EPA: www. epa. gov IBWA: www. bottledwater. org NRDC: www. nrdc. org AWWA: www. drinktap. org Take Back the Tap: http: //www. foodandwaterwatch. org/water/pubs/r eports/take-back-the-tap Tap into Goodness: http: //www. doh. wa. gov/ehp/DW/tapwater. htm

Questions?