Pluto Auditorio di Nihilo EARTH450 Satellites of Saturn

Pluto Auditorio di Nihilo EARTH-450 Satellites of Saturn & Jupiter Amir Salaree Monday / May 1 20, 2013

Saturn. . . ! 2

Roadmap Who is pluto? ! Timeline Facts Pluto System New Horizon Mission 3

Papé Satàn, papé 4

WHO is Pluto? Theogony (Hesiod) – Cow. Eyed Plouto! Pluto – Plouton (Demter and Lasion's son) -- Hades Antikensammlungen, Munich, Germany, ca 330 310 BC Plutus – Ploutos (God of Wealth -- Conflated with) The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California, USA, ca 350 - 340 BC 5

Timeline February 18, 1930: Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto. 1977 -1999: Pluto's lopsided orbit brings it slightly closer to the sun than Neptune. It will be at least 230 years before Pluto moves inward of Neptune's orbit for 20 years. 1978: American astronomers James Christy and Robert Harrington discover Pluto's unusually large moon, Charon. 1988: Astronomers discover that Pluto has an atmosphere. 2005: Scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope announce the discovery of two additional moons of Pluto. Named Nix and Hydra, the little moons may have formed at the same time as Charon did, perhaps all three splitting off from Pluto in a giant impact event. 2006: NASA's New Horizons mission launches on a path to explore Pluto and the Kuiper Belt region. The spacecraft is scheduled to reach Pluto in 2015. NASA (2005) (2011) (2012) 2006: The International Astronomical Union classifies Pluto as a dwarf planet and recognizes similar worlds beyond the orbit of Neptune as plutoids. 2011: Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope discovered a fourth moon orbiting the icy dwarf planet. 2012: Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope to 6

FACTS * Pluto's orbital plane is off the planetary plane by 17° * Pluto has an atmosphere * Pluto exhibits variations in albedo (0. 49 – 0. 66) * Pluto has Seasons * Pluto has 5 moons (Charon, Nix, Hydra, P 4, P 5) Hubble Space Telescope (2005) 7 Grundy, et al NASA (2013) 2012

Pluto System to: Plu HST, 2010 8

Pluto System to: Plu Binzel (1990) 9

Pluto's Albedo Stern et al, 1988 10

Pluto System Pluto has 5 moons. . . Pluto: Semimajor axis (106 km ) Sidere al Eq. Eccentr Inclinati period Radiu icity on (deg) of Rev. s (km) (days) Mass (1024 kg) Density (kg/m 3) Siderea l period Surface of Temper Rotatio ature (K) n (days) Pluto 5936 90, 465 0. 253 17. 13 1157 0. 015 1100 -6. 387 50 EART H 149. 6 365. 25 636 0. 0167 21 - 6378 5. 973 6 5515 0. 9972 70 288 11

Pluto System Pluto has 5 moons. . . Pluto: ESTIMATED SIZE AND MASS of Pluto initially were biased upward because some astronomers erroneously thought Pluto's gravity was disturbing the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. After decades 12 fitted to the plummeting of downward revisions, some astronomers whimsically noted that a curve estimates of Pluto's mass indicated that the planet would vanish in 1980! Analyses of Charon's

Pluto System 13

Pluto System Pluto has 5 moons. . . Charon FERRYMAN OF HADES Charon, Gustave HST, Dore, 2011 The Divine Comedy, 141861

Pluto System Pluto has 5 moons. . . Charon FERRYMAN OF HADES Pluto and Charon (1978) 15

Pluto System Pluto has 5 moons. . . Nyx GREEK GODDESS OF NIGHT Nyx, Ahmolean Meuseum, Oxford, UK, ca 425 – 375 BC 16

Pluto System Pluto has 5 moons. . . Hydra THE NINE_HEADED SERPENT The Hydra and Heracles, C 6 th B. C. , J. Paul Getty Museusm, Malibu, 17

Pluto System Pluto has 5 moons. . . P 4 & P 5 Vulcan & Cerberus ? SETI Institute (2013) 18

(a) (b) (d) (e) (c) Two bodies with: a) the same mass orbiting a common barycenter (similar to the 90 Antiope system) b) a difference in mass orbiting a common barycenter external to both bodies, as in the Pluto–Charon system c) a major difference in mass orbiting a common barycenter internal to one body (similar to the Earth–Moon system) d) an extreme difference in mass orbiting a common barycenter internal to one body (similar to the Sun–Earth system) 19 e) the same mass orbiting a common barycenter, external to both bodies, with eccentric elliptic orbits (a common situation for binary stars)

New Horizons Mission Objectives - Map surface composition of Pluto and Charon - Characterize geology and morphology of Pluto and Charon - Characterize the neutral atmosphere of Pluto and its escape rate - Search for an atmosphere around Charon - Map surface temperatures on Pluto and Charon 20

Kuiper Built 21

Kuiper Built 22

New Horizon 23

New Horizon 24

Why Pluto Is No Longer a Planet. . . 25