Pluralul substantivelor prezentare l La plural substantivele primesc

Pluralul substantivelor prezentare

l La plural, substantivele primesc de regula terminatia “-s”. flower – flowers; book – books; cow – cows Fac exceptie substantivele terminate in: “-s”, “-z”, “-x”, “-ch”, “-sh”, care primesc terminatia “ -es”. Bus – buses; box – boxes; bench –benches; Brush – brushes; buzz- buzzes l

Observatie l l l Substantivele terminate in “-o” fac pluralul in doua moduri, in functie de vechimea pe care o au in fondul limbii engleze. Cele vechi primesc terminatia “-es”: potato – potatoes; tomato – tomatoes. Cele mai noi, precum si cele terminate in “-o” precedat de vocala, au terminatia “-s”: piano –pianos; radio – radios; mosquito – mosquitos.

Reguli de ortografiere la adaugarea terminatiei “-s” 1. Substantivele terminate in “-y” precedat de o consoana transforma “-y” in “-ie”: Family – families; country – countries 2. Substantivele terminate in “-f” si “-fe” le transforma in “-ves” la plural: Leaf – leaves; wife – wives; knife – knives; life - lives; shelf - shelves Exceptii: roof – roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs; cliff – cliffs

Substantive cu plural neregulat l l l l l Man – men (policeman – policemen etc. ) Woman – women (policewoman – policewomen etc. ) Child – children Mouse – mice Ox – oxen Tooth – teeth Goose - geese Foot – feet Die - dice

Substantive de origine greaca l Cele terminate in “-sis” fac pluralul in “-ses” Axis – axes (axa – axe) l Crisis – crises (criza – crize) l Basis – bases (baza – baze) l Oasis – oases (oaza – oaze) etc. l

Alte substantive de origine greaca l Phenomenon – phenomena (fenomen – fenomene) l Criterion – criteria (criteriu – criterii)

Substantive cu aceeasi forma la singular si plural l l Fish – fish Fruit - fruit Sheep – sheep Deer – deer etc.

Substantive nenumarabile l La fel ca in limba romana, substantivele de tipul urmator (lichide, solide, notiuni abstracte) sunt considerate nenumarabile: l Water, coffee, silver, iron, happiness, joy etc.

Alte substantive nenumarabile l Pe langa cele mentionate, mai exista si alte substantive care in romana sunt numarabile, insa in engleza nu. l Bread => a loaf of bread (o franzela , o paine); two loaves of bread (doua paini) Chocolate => a bar of chocolate (o ciocolata); three bars of chocolate ( trei ciocolate) l

Alte substantive nenumarabile l l l News => an item/a piece of news (o stire), two items/pieces of news (doua stiri); Lightening => a flesh of lightening (un fulger); Furniture => a piece of furniture (o mobila); Advice => a piece of advice (un sfat) Soap => a cake of soap ( un sapun), two cakes of soap (doua sapunuri); Money = bani

Atentie! l l l Substantivele nenumarabile se acorda cu verbul la singular si nu admit numerale in fata lor! The news is good. GRESIT: I have a good news. Your money is here. GRESIT : Your money are here.