Please grab ONE globe PER TABLE Grab a
� Please grab ONE globe PER TABLE
�Grab a piece of scrap paper �Divide the blank page into 2 boxes �Also grab ONE globe per table
Examine the GLOBE in front of you
In BOX ONE �Now try to pretend that you DON’T already know that it is EARTH �If you were an alien from the Planet Halite then what OBSERVATIONS and INFERENECES would you make
Get out your PRE-ASSESSMENT �I’m rushing you…. .
Lets Try some Vocabulary…. .
�crust �the thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle �in Earth science, the layer of rock between Earth's crust and core �the central part of Earth below the mantle; also the center of the sun �lithosphere �the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
�asthenosphere �the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it �mesosphere �solid mantle rock located below the asthenosphere �atmosphere �a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, moon, or other celestial body
�hydrosphere �the portion of Earth that is water �geosphere �the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust �biosphere �the part of Earth where life exists; includes all of the living organisms on Earth �rotation �the spin of a body on its axis
�revolution �the motion of a body that travels around another body in space; one complete trip along an orbit �perihelion �in the orbit of a planet or other body in the solar system, the point that is closest to the sun �aphelion �in the orbit of a planet or other body in the solar system, the point that is farthest from the sun
�equinox �occurs twice a year (around 20 March and 22 September), when the plane of the Earth's equator passes the center of the Sun. At this time the tilt of the Earth's axis is inclined neither away from nor towards the Sun. �solstice �the point at which the sun is as far north or as far south of the equator as possible
�Make a list of all of the THEORIES or HYPOTHESIS that you have heard concerning the formation of our planet EARTH (if you can EXPLAIN them, please do)
Howdy �Are you wanting to build a bridge for the Bridge contest? I need to know ASAP �Grab your Unit 4 packets �P. 1 Preassessment �P. 2 Latitude/Longitude
Quiz ? : �What do we call the most widely accepted hypothesis for how our solar system formed?
Earth’s Formation and Interior Earth Science Notes Unit 4: Earth, A Unique Planet
Earth’s Formation � What is a hypothesis?
Earth’s Formation �In the 1600 s and 1700 s many scientists thought that the sun formed first and threw off the materials that later formed the planets. In 1796, a French mathematician named Pierre-Simon Laplace, formed a hypothesis that is now known as the nebular hypothesis.
Nebular hypothesis: �The young solar nebula begins to collapse because of gravity.
�As the solar nebula rotates, it flattens and becomes warmer near its center.
�Planetesimals begin to form within the swirling disk.
�As planetesimals grow, their gravitational pull increases. The largest planetesimals begin to collect more of the gas and dust of the nebula.
�Small planetesimals collide with larger ones, and the planets begin to grow
�The excess dust and gas is gradually removed from the solar nebula, which leaves planets around the sun and thus creates a new solar system.
Review Quiz ? : �What do we call the most widely accepted hypothesis for how our solar system formed?
Formation of the Solar System � The Nebular Hypothesis
�Cosmic Address �Cosmos: 3: 54 in
Earth’s Interior �It is hypothesized that Earth was very hot when it first formed. Some evidence shows that there were 3 main sources of heat. �Let’s demonstrate the 1 st one….
3 Sources of Earth’s Heat 1. Collisions of planetesimals-impact creates heat 2. Outer layers beginning to compressure increasing temperature 3. Radioactive materials emitting high-energy particles-when surrounding rocks absorbed the particles, the energy of the particles’ motion led to higher temperatures.
Do Vocab for… �Chapter 2 Section 1 �Chapter 26 Section 2 �ALL VOCAB WORDS WITH DEFINITIONS-----PUT IN YOUR OWN WORDS.
Early Solid Earth �As earth developed, denser materials such as iron sank to the center, less dense materials were forced to the outer layers, this is called differentiation.
�Differentiation caused Earth to form distinct layers �Inner core- solid and composed mostly of iron and nickel �Outer Core- liquid and composed mostly of iron and nickel
�Mantle-thick layer of iron and magnesium rich rock; composed of three individual zones Lithosphere- the crust and upper part of the mantle, it is thin and rigid
Asthenosphere-because of enormous heat and pressure it is “slushy” The crust is able to move about on the asthenosphere Mesosphere-lower layer of the mantle-thought to be solid
�Crust- silica rich rock; beneath the ocean is called oceanic crust, beneath the continents is called continental crust
�the lower boundary of the crust, named after its discover is called the Mohorovičić discontinuity, or Moho.
Think about it… �Where do you think the thickest continental crust is found?
What part of Earth’s Crust is the Thickest?
Question: How is it that scientists have been able to determine the composition of the layers?
�The Kola Superdeep Borehole on the Kola peninsula of Russia reached 12. 262 km (~7. 62 mi) and is the deepest penetration of the Earth's solid surface. �Humans have drilled down 2. 1 km (~1. 3 mi) into the seafloor �Because the continental crust is about 45 km thick on average, whereas oceanic crust is 6 -7 km thick, humans have penetrated only the upper 25 -30% of both crusts.
�Layers of the Earth video
Good Morning �Grab your UNIT 4 PACKETS
Layers of the Earth
Key Points
Magnetism, and Gravity
Earth Basics �Earth is the only known planet in the solar system that has liquid water and an atmosphere that contains a large proportion of oxygen.
�Only planet known to support life. �Earth is the third planet from the Sun
�It is hypothesized that Earth is around 4. 6 billion years old. �What info have they used to determine this?
�Made mostly of rock.
�Approximately 71% of the surface is covered by water.
�The shape of the Earth is not a perfect sphere it is an oblate spheroid, a slightly flattened sphere. �Draw it in the space below.
What makes it that way? �The fast spinning of the Earth on its axis makes the polar regions flatten and the equatorial zone bulge.
Who’s Eratosthenes? ? ? � Quick Video �https: //www. youtube. com/w atch? v=wn. El. Da. V 4 esg
�Earth’s circumference from pole to pole is 40, 007 km (24, 859 miles); equatorial circumference is 40, 074 km (24, 901 miles). �Illustrate this. �So…. How fast is the Earth spinning?
Can you explain the formation of the solar system? Are you able to list and describe the layers of the Earth? Tell me the size and shape of the Earth, why is it like that?
Explain the shape of the Earth
�The difference between the height of the tallest mountain and the depth of the deepest ocean trench is about 20 km (12. 4 miles). �Illustrate
Highest vs. Tallest Mountain � What’s the difference?
Play Time
� Why do we appreciate the magnetic field?
Earth’s Magnetism �Earth has 2 magnetic poles. �The lines of force of the magnetic field extend between the North geomagnetic pole and the South geomagnetic pole.
�The magnetic field extends beyond the atmosphere and affects a region of space called the magnetosphere �It is hypothesized that the source may be from the liquid iron in the Earth’s outer core. The motions within the core produce electric currents that in turn create the magnetic field
Something to think about…. . �Scientists have learned that the Sun and Moon also have a magnetic field, the Sun contains little iron and the Moon does not have a liquid outer core. What questions could this raise? �Below, draw a picture to represent Earth’s magnetic field.
Explain what is going on in this picture….
� Why do we appreciate the magnetic field?
What if the Earth Stopped Spinning?
�Earth’s Basics, Magnetism, and Gravity Part II Earth Science Notes Unit 1: Studying the Earth
� Now for a video Short
Earth’s Gravity �Gravity is the force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe.
�Isaac Newton was the first to explain the phenomenon of gravity.
�Law of gravitation says the force of attraction between any two objects depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between the objects.
where: �F is the force between the masses, �G is the gravitational constant, (G is approximately equal to 6. 674× 10− 11 N m 2 kg− 2) �m 1 is the first mass, �m 2 is the second mass, and �r is the distance between the centers of the masses.
BONUS POINT OPPURTUNITY �Calculate the gravitational force between the EARTH and the MOON. �You MUST show your WORK.
�The larger the masses of the two objects and the closer together they are, the greater the force of gravity.
� Are mass and weight the same thing?
�Weight is the measure of the gravity on an object. The newton (N) is the SI unit used to measure weight. In Good ole USA we use pounds.
�The mass is the amount of matter in an object. �What is matter?
�The mass of an object does not change based on location, weight does. An objects weight depends on its mass and its distance from the center of the Earth.
�You may weigh less if you change your location on the Earth…. . WOW, really Mrs. M? How does that happen? �Draw a picture below that illustrates this concept.
Before Take off At 20, 000 feet What if you are on an Airplane?
Key Ideas: �Describe the size and shape of Earth �Describe the compositional and structural layers of Earth’s interior. �Identify the possible source of Earth’s magnetic field. �Summarize Newton’s law of gravitation.
� The next part you will do on your own…
Let’s talk about what you learned… � Systems….
Greek Roots… �sphaira means “ball”-sphere �Atmos means “vapor” �Hydro means “water” �Geo means “earth” �Bios means “life”
Examine this picture…. �How are ALL of the spheres interacting?
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