Plants and Human Cosmologies Areas where special plants
- Slides: 52
Plants and Human Cosmologies
Areas where special plants are used to enter another world
Marijuana – Cannabis sativa
Ancient Use of Cannabis • 2000 BCE – Writings of Shen Nung mention Cannabis as an important plant for the treatment of various illnesses including beri-beri, malaria, and forgetfulness. He also described the plant as freeing the psyche: “If taken over a long term, it makes one communicate with spirits and lighten one’s body. ”
Ancient Use of Cannabis • Writers in China warned that Cannabis was a “liberator of sin. ” ~ 2000 BCE • By 1500 BCE the plant known as “ma” was reported as useful for shamanistic purposes • 2 nd Century AD Chinese physicians mixed it with wine and used it as an anaesthetic during surgery
Ancient Use of Cannabis • 500 – 300 BCE - ancient Scythians in the Near East used Cannabis as a psychotropic drug • Herodotus reported that Scythians delighted in vapor baths scented by Cannabis seeds placed on heated stones • 4 th Century BCE - Cannabis seeds discovered with skeleton in tomb in Jerusalem
Al-Hasan ibn al-Sabbah • By 1090 had established fortress on trade routes to China and India – ruled army of thieves whom he supplied with hashish and women in return for their loyalty
Introduction to Europe • Europeans were introduced to Cannabis as a psychoactive plant by Napoleon’s soldiers after the conquest of Egypt in 1800. They began by consuming resin of Cannabis flowers and leaves (hashish). At first the resin was used to treat mentally ill, but soon it was used recreationally too. By 1844 so many fashionable Parisians were enjoying their visions from use of hashish that they formed a club, Le Club des Haschins, and held monthly meetings at the Hotel Pimodan on the Ile Saint-Louis.
The Hotel Pimodan
Modern Water Pipe and Hashish
Bob Marley and the Wailers Album Cover - 1973
Cannabis smoker – Southeast Asia
Cannabis sativa and C. indica
Cannabis sativa and C. indica
Cannabis sativa x indica hybrid
High tech Cannabis growing in the Netherlands
UK Police Bust of High-Tech Growth
World laws on possession of small amounts of recreational cannabis q Legal or essentially legal q Decriminalized q Illegal but unenforced q Illegal
Coca plant – Erythroxylum coca
Growing coca plant
Use of Coca Plant • Coca was domesticated in Pre-Columbian times - it may have been domesticated as long ago as 7000 years ago • The first Spanish explorers reported the natives of the Andes chewing coca leaves with mineral lime, a substance that helps the mucous membranes of the mouth absorb the alkaloids from the leaves • This practice probably dates back at least 5000 years and is still done today
Clay vessel depicting Coca chewer – from Peru – 400 -600 AD
Medicinal and Dietary Properties of Coca • Chewing coca leaf helps relieve the headache, nausea, and weakness of altitude sickness and helps relieve the general fatigue of travel • Coca leaves also contain an assortment of vitamins and minerals that make a valuable contribution to the often impoverished Andean diet • One hundred grams of coca leaves contains more calcium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin A, vitamin B 2, and vitamin E than called for by the US recommended daily allowance
Coca leaves for sale in market in La Paz, Bolivia
John Styth Pemberton and Coca Cola
Cola acuminata and cola nuts
Advertisement for French “Tonic” Wine made of red bordeaux and coca leaves
Columbia ends spraying of coca plants • http: //www. nytimes. com/2015/05/15/world/ americas/colombia-halts-us-backedspraying-of-illegal-coca-crops. html
Plants for Dyes and Decorations
Woad – Isatis tinctoria
Woad Dyes • Woad produces a substance in its leaves called isatan B which, when exposed to the air, forms the blue compound indigo. • This compound can easily be removed from the leaves by boiling them in water and an alkaline solution, a process used by home dyers today to make indigo today
Woad Dye and Woad Dyed Wool
Woad Body Decoration
Woad dyed British police uniform
Source of Henna – Lawsonia inermis
Henna Dye • Henna, Lawsonia inermis, produces a red-orange dye molecule lawsone. This molecule has an affinity for bonding with protein, and thus has been used to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, silk and wool. • Henna body art is made by applying henna paste to the skin: the lawsone in the paste migrates into the outermost layer of the skin and makes a red-brown stain. • Products sold as "black henna" or "neutral henna" are not made from henna, but may be derived from indigo (in the plant Indigofera tinctoria) or Cassia obovata
Henna Preparation • Dried ground, sifted henna leaves are easily worked into a paste that can used to make intricate body art. • Commercially available henna powder is made by drying the henna leaves and milling them to powder, then the powder is sifted. • This powder is mixed with lemon juice, strong tea, or other mildly acidic liquids. Essential oils with high levels of monoterpene alcohols such as tea tree, eucalyptus, cajeput, or lavender will improve skin staining characteristics.
Mehndi – traditional Indian bridal henna art
Modern body art with Henna
Traditional tattoo on resident of Nuka Hiva- late 1700’s
Otzi the Iceman and his tatoos
Candlenut tree – Aleurites moluccana
Traditional Samoan Tattooing • The pigments used in traditional Samoan tattooing comes from the nuts of the candlenut tree Aleurites moluccana (Euphorbiaceae) - called lama in Samoan • The seeds are burned to produce soot which is collected on banana leaves and stored in coconut shells
Candlenut seeds ready to be burned to produce soot
Samoan Tattooing Technique • Tattooing is done by grinding the soot with a mortar and pestle • A serrated comb of pig bone is used to penetrate the skin, and a mallet pounds the comb and pigment into the skin • A towel of bark cloth is used to wipe away the blood
Traditional Samoan tattoo process as done today
Traditional Samoan tattooing tools
Traditional Tattoo Patterns
Traditional Tattoos from Rongiroa
Completed modern version of traditional Samoan tattoo
Tattoo Tradition Spread Around the World
- Areas of special emphasis examples
- Where do fixed floating plants bear stomata on their leaves
- Characteristics of non-flowering plants
- What non vascular plants
- Non vascular plants
- C3 plants vs c4 plants
- Human needs and human development
- Chapter 8 human needs and human development
- Non human nouns
- Human vs non human bones
- Gni definition ap human geography
- Volume of a frustum of a pyramid
- 11-3 areas of circles and sectors answer key
- Lesson 10-4 surface area of prisms and cylinders
- 12-3 surface area of pyramids and cones
- Lesson 10-4 perimeters and areas of similar figures
- If abcd is a rectangle and m adb=55 what is the value of x
- Liaise between kitchen and service areas
- 12-6 surface areas and volumes of spheres
- 12-3 surface areas of pyramids and cones
- 12-2 surface areas of prisms and cylinders
- 11.3 areas of circles and sectors
- 10-2 areas of trapezoids rhombuses and kites
- 11-4 areas of regular polygons and composite figures
- 11-3 areas of circles and sectors answer key
- Lesson 11-1 areas of parallelograms and triangles answers
- Flood storage areas advantages and disadvantages
- Difference between urban and rural
- Area of an arc
- Find the area of each rhombus
- Map of sparta greece
- Clean public areas facilities and equipment
- Food and beverage service areas
- Surface area of pyramids and cones
- Surface area of a sector
- Homework 5 surface area of prisms and cylinders
- Surface area of pyramids and cones quiz
- Developing formulas for circles and regular polygons
- 11-2 surface areas of prisms and cylinders
- Surface area of prisms and cylinders homework answers
- 10-4 perimeters and areas of similar figures
- Stage body positions
- Similar figures
- Area of regular polygons assignment
- Formulating objectives examples
- A pie shaped portion of the circle
- Who are affected by the problem?
- 8. areas and polygons
- Posterior palatal seal landmarks
- Triangles and quadrilaterals
- Surface area of pyramids and cones
- Volleyball zones
- Lesson 9 arc length and areas of sectors