Plantanimal interactions Coevolution Herbivory Plant defense Pollination Seed
Plant-animal interactions • • Co-evolution? Herbivory Plant defense Pollination • Seed dispersal • Interactions across the life cycle • Conservation: butterflies/host plants Photos: Ricklefs (Economy of Nature), Bradshaw & Schemske, Kalko, http: //www. inriodulce. com/links/ants. html
http: //www. ehow. com/facts_5886553_life-cycle-pl http: //freeimagescollection. com/fruits/pap http: //activerain. com/blogsview/372556/ ar-authentication-words-what-do-theymeanhttp: //www. esu. edu/~milewski/int ro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/im ages/berry_kiwi. jpg http: //blog. naver. com/Post. View. nhn? blog. Id=rkqrk rakstp&log. No=60101838355&redirect=Dlog&widg et. Type. Call=true http: //xtine 23. files. wordpress. com /2012/07/passion-fruit-seeds. jpg http: //store. mancor. org/pomegranat e-seeds-or-fruits-antioxidants-forcancer-prostrate-heart-attacks. aspx http: //indianapublicmedia. org/amomentofscienchttp: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Flowering_plant e/seed-swallower/ https: //www. google. com/se US: official&source=lnms&tb US: official&tbm=isch&q=en 0&bih=557&imgrc=71 BDdl 4 Gd. Kbjz. Vx_JM%3 Bhttp%25 Durian. jpg%3 Bhttp%253 A%
TODAY: Seed dispersal • Definitions and issues – Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores – Dispersal Syndromes • Abiotic • Biotic – Coevolution? – Dispersal Kernels • Seeds -> Seedlings • Example
SEEDS, FRUITS, DIASPORES • Seeds : from ovules • Fruits : from ovaries • Diaspores : dispersal units http: //greenanswers. com/q/228460/forests-trees-plants/how-do-plants-reproduce
CLASSIC REFERENCES • Sernander 1927, Ulbrich 1928 • Ridley 1930 The Dispersal of Plants Throughout the World (700 pp) • van der Pijl 1969 Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants (153 pp) Archidendron vaillantii http: //nla. gov. au/nla. pic-an 67311471
DISPERSAL SYNDROMES (van der Pijl 1969) Biotic Abiotic • Saurochory: reptiles • Epizoochory: animals • Ornithochory: birds • • (plus mimetic deceit) • Dyszoochory: mammals (scatter hoarding) • Endozoochory: mammals (accidental vs intentional) • Chiropterochory: bats • Myrmecochory: ants • Piscichory? : fishes Anemochory: wind Hydrochory: water Autochory: ballistics + Barochory: gravity
DISPERSAL SYNDROMES (van der Pijl 1969) • Saurochory: reptiles • Epizoochory: animals • Ornithochory: birds • • • (plus mimetic deceit) • Dyszoochory: mammals (scatter hoarding) • Endozoochory: mammals • • • (accidental vs intentional) • Chiropterochory: bats • Myrmecochory: ants • Piscichory? : fishes • • • color, odor, ground-level, hard skin, ancient waterfowl: hard seeds in mud others: barbed, spiny, viscid, burrs signaling color, protections against premature consumption & digestion, odorless, sugar or oil, no hard rind (birds do not have teeth), seeds exposed in/dangling from fruit hard capsules or hard seeds accidental: small, swallowed with vegetation intentional: color not needed, toxins against premature consumption & digestion, signaling odor, sugar or oil, hard rind OK (do have teeth), large seeds, presentation varies by animal group drab color, musty odor, large seeds, strongly attached, exposed outside foliage white oil-bearing elaiosome , dark hard seed, scattered in leaf litter, recent amazonian flood plain forests
CO-EVOLUTION? Fruit-frugivore network in Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Parque Estadual Intervales) • Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits? • Do plants select on animal traits? • Extinct dispersers? Silva et al. 2007, Ch 26 in Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World
CO-EVOLUTION? No. of plant species in the diets of manakins in 2 tropical rainforests • Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits? • Do plants select on animal traits? • Extinct et al. 2007, Ch 8 in dispersers? Loiselle Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World
CO-EVOLUTION? • Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits? • Do plants select on animal traits? • Extinct dispersers? Keystone plant species: Figs?
DISPERSAL KERNELS (probability of moving a certain distance during one time unit) “Shoebutton Ardisia” in S. Florida Horvitz, Koop &Erickson, unpublished • Seed shadow • Does it depend upon dispersing animal? • Community context • Community consequence
DISPERSAL KERNELS (probability of moving a certain distance during one time unit) Dispruption by exotic animal species From Fenner & Thompson 2005, Seed Dispersal • Seed shadow • Does it depend upon dispersing animal? • Community context • Community consequence
DISPERSAL KERNELS (probability of moving a certain distance during one time unit) Janzen-Connell: recruitment “niches” From Ricklefs , Economy of Nature • • • Intense enemies under mothers Offspring need to escape Suitable recruitment sites away from mom (and others of same species) • Seed shadow • Does it depend upon dispersing animal? • Community context • Community consequence
TODAY: Seed dispersal • Definitions and issues – Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores – Dispersal Syndromes • Abiotic • Biotic – Coevolution? – Dispersal Kernels • Seeds -> Seedlings • Example
The comparative life histories of ant - and birddispersed Marantaceae
Lowland neotropical wet forest Costa Rica
Dispersal biology: A set number of seeds (no. typically available to dispersers) was observed during 90 minutes • bird-seed interactions • on the plants • during 495 trials • total of 2279 seeds • ant-seed interactions • in the leaf-litter • during 524 trials • total of 1440 seeds
Bird-dispersed species… Pleiostachya pruinosa Calathea lasiostachya Calathea marantifolia Calathea lutea Calathea inocephala
Mionectes oleagineus Photo by D. Graham (Horvitz, C. C. , M. A. Pizo, B. Bello y Bello, J. Le. Corff and R. Dirzo, 2002)
Good and bad birds Gulpers Mashers
Calathea lutea
Seed shadows of C. lutea differ by bird taxa 40 La Selva Emberizidae 10 20 No. of seeds 0 -10 40 5 0 10 20 Pipridae 20 0 -10 40 0 10 20 Tyrannidae 0 10 20 Pipridae 0 -10 200 Tyrannidae 100 0 10 20 undispersed 20 0 -10 100 50 20 0 -10 40 Corcovado Emberizidae 0 -10 1000 undispersed 500 0 10 20 0 -10 Distance, m 0 10 20
Ant-dispersed species Calathea micans Calathea cleistantha Calathea ovandensis
Aphaenogaster araneoides Photo by H. Kennedy (Horvitz, C. C. , M. A. Pizo, B. Bello y Bello, J. Le. Corff and R. Dirzo. 2002)
Good and bad ants Pick-up and remove seeds Odontomachus Take aril bits, but leave seed Solenopsis
cleistantha Calathea cleistantha
Seed shadows of C. cleistantha differ by ant taxa
An hypothesis: ant-dispersed species are less gap-dependent than bird-dispersed species
TODAY: Seed dispersal • Definitions and issues – Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores – Dispersal Syndromes • Abiotic • Biotic – Coevolution? – Dispersal Kernels • Seeds -> Seedlings A chimpanzee giving into the temptation to eat a fig in Kibale, as chimpanzees do very often. Photo credit: Alaine Houle http: //blogs. scientificamerican. com/guest-blog/2012/08/02/how-to-eat-like-a-chimpanzee /
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