PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Plant Structure Function Vocabulary
PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Plant Structure & Function Vocabulary Leaves Seeds Flower Stem Root Xylem Pholem Gymnosperms Angiosperms Pollen Pollination Seed coat Dicot Monocot Cotyledon Endosperm Testa Embryo Stamen Anther Filament Pollen Pistil Ovule Stigma Style Ovary Apical meristem Stomata Cambium Transpiration
Learning Target I can explain the functions of plant structures, including the cell wall, chloroplasts, and critical parts of the flower and the seed.
Major Parts of a Plant – Leaves Where photosynthesis occurs – Seeds Method of sexual reproduction – Flower Site where reproduction occurs – Stem Transports nutrients and supports the plant – Root take in nutrients and anchor plant
The Seed Parts of a Seed – Cotyledon The first leaves of a plant – Seed Coat Outside covering of a seed – Endosperm Food storage tissue that nourishes the embryo – Embryo – New plant developed after fertilization
Types of Seeds ‘Monocots – A seed with only one cotyledon – All grasses are monocots – Flower parts in threes – Leaves with parallel primary veins Dicots – A seed with two cotyledons – Flower parts in fours or fives – Leaves with distinct vein network – All broadleaf plants are dicots
Points to ponder Differentiate between a monocot and a dicot. Give an example of each. Draw a typical flower and label each part.
Seed Parts Fertilization zygote seed (embryo) Plumule- is like a leave in its early development becomes the shoot Hypocotyl- develops into the stem Radicle- Becomes roots
Male Parts of the Flower Stamen- Makes up all male parts Pollen- Male sex cell, similar to sperm Anther- Sac-like structure on top of the filament Filament- Short stalk that holds the anther
Female Parts of the Flower Pistil- Makes up all female parts Ovules- Female sex cell, similar to the egg Stigma- Sticky part of the system, catches pollen Style-Tube that leads from the stigma to the ovary Ovary- Place where ovule is fertilized by the pollen, Turns into a fruit or seed coat
Primary Growth Occurs in apical meristems of plant – (found at tips of stems and roots)
How does CO 2 enter the plant? How does O 2 leave the plant?
STOMATA! – Tiny pores in epidermis surrounded by two guard cells! – Open during the day! Why? PS occurs during the day Transpiration necessary for cooling
VASCULAR TISSUE 2 MAJOR TYPES: – XYLEM TISSUE – PHLOEM TISSUE – Found together in VASCULAR BUNDLES – Arise primarily from apical meristem – Arise secondarily from vascular cambium
XYLEM TISSUE CONDUCTS WATER PROVIDES MECHANICAL SUPPORT 2 TYPES OF XYLEM CELLS: – TRACHEIDS: – VESSEL ELEMENTS:
PHLOEM TISSUE CONDUCTS SUGARS COMPOSED OF TWO CELL TYPES: – SIEVE-TUBE MEMBERS – COMPANION CELLS
Sieve tube members Form sieve tubes to conduct sugars throughout plant Lack nuclei, ribosomes, vacuoles, etc. Vascular bundle
Stems Transports food, water, and nutrients Supports the leaves and flowers
Parts of the Stem Xylem – Water and minerals travel up to other plant parts Phloem – Manufactured food travels down to other plant parts Cambium – Separates xylem and phloem
Types of Root Systems Fibrous Roots Easier to transplant Short, small, compact roots Tap Root Difficult to transplant, since most of the tap root is cut-off Tap root is primarily used for storage of food In both types, most nutrients and water are absorbed by root hair
Fibrous Roots – Monocots – Several roots of same size w/ branching
Roots can be adapted for storage of nutrients: – Example: Carrot (Taproot) Sweet Potato (Fibrous Root)
Plant Processes Photosynthesis Mixes light, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll to produce sugar and oxygen Respiration Combines sugars and oxygen to give off water and heat Transpiration Loss of water through the leaves or stems Causes wilting when soil is dry
Animal Water Wind Dispersal of Seeds Gravity Wind Force
Learning Target I can explain the function of unique plant structures, including the cell wall, chloroplasts and critical parts of the flower and seed.
Points to Ponder Discuss the differences between fibrous and taproots.
Photosynthesis Energy and Life
Photosynthesis Vocabulary ATP Heterotroph Autotroph Photosynthesis Thylakoid Stroma NADP+ Light dependent reaction Light independent reacton Photosystem Electron transport chain
Learning Targets I can compare and contrast how autotrophs and heterotrophs meet their energy needs. I can explain how photosynthetic organisms use the process of photosynthesis.
What is Energy? Ability to do work
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Use light energy from the sun to produce food Example: Plants and some bacteria Obtains energy from the foods they consume Example: fungi, animals,
ATP Adenosine Tri. Phosphate Made up of: –Adenine – 5 Carbon sugar (ribose) –Three phosphate groups KEY TO STORE & RELEASE ENERGY
Storing Energy ADP (Adenosine Di. Phosphate) – Similar to ATP – 2 phosphate groups – Add on available energy with a phosphate to ADP to create ATP – Key to the way in which living things store energy – Analogy --> Battery
Releasing Energy How is the energy stored in ATP released? – Breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate group Basic energy source of all cells
What is energy used for? Carry out active transport Protein synthesis Responses to chemical signals
ATP can only pack small amounts of energy
Adenine Phosphate P P Ribose ADP
Adenine Phosphate P P Ribose ATP P
Learning Targets I can compare and contrast how autotrophs and heterotrophs meet their energy needs. I can explain how photosynthetic organisms use the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis: An Overview
Learning Targets I can describe the light dependent and the light independent reactions of photosynthesis. I can explain the interaction between pigments, absorption of light and reflection of light.
Photosynthesis Plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates!
Key Players Jan van Helmont – 1600’s; Belgian physician – Do plants grow by taking material out of the soil? – Planted a seedling in a pot, watered for 5 years and had grown to weigh about 75 kg. – Determined most of the gain in mass comes from water
Key Players: Von Helmont
Key Players Joseph Priestley – English minister –Determined that oxygen was major part of photosynthesis
Key Players: Priestley
Key Players Jan Ingenhousz Dutch scientist –Plant releases oxygen only with the presence of light
Key Players: Ingenhousz
Photosynthesis Equation REACTANTS 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O Carbon dioxide Water LIGHT
Photosynthesis Equation PRODUCTS LIGHT Sugar Oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2
Photosynthesis Equation 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O LIGHT C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 DESCRIBE WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE REACTION. In photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen.
Light and Pigments To perform photosynthesis, plants need – Light from the sun Form of energy – Pigment light absorbing molecule in the chloroplast Chlorophyll –Principal pigment in plants –Two types: a and b
Learning Targets I can describe the light dependent and the light independent reactions of photosynthesis. I can explain the interaction between pigments, absorption of light and reflection of light.
The Reactions of Photosynthesis
Learning Targets I can describe the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis. I can relate the products of the light dependent reactions to the products of the light independent reactions.
Chloroplast place in the plant cell where photosynthesis takes place thylakoid membranes = saclike photosynthetic materials found in chloroplast
Chloroplast Granum = stack of thylakoid Photosystems I and II organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters – light collecting units of the chloroplast
Photosystems 2 part process – Light-Dependent reactions In the thylakoid membranes – Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin cycle) In the stroma –Region outside thylakoid membranes
Electron Carriers Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll Causes Electrons to gain energy High energy electrons need special carriers to take them from chlorophyll to other molecules
Electron Transport Chain Carrier molecule = compound that can accept a PAIR of highenergy electrons and transfer them along with MOST of their energy to another molecule
NADP+ One of the carrier molecules Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with H+ (hydrogen ions) This creates NADPH NADP+ + H+ --> NADPH = converts sunlight energy into chemical form
NADPH Carries high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions Used for synthesis of molecules
2 high energy e. H+ NADPH
Light Dependent Reactions Produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH Must have sunlight to work Uses that light energy to produce ATP and NADPH
Steps of Light Dependent Reactions 1. Photosystem II o o Photosynthesis starts when pigments in PII absorb light. Enzymes in the thylakoid break up H 2 O to have 2 H+ and one O 2 atom O 2 is released into the air H+ released into thylakoid membrane
Light Dependent Reaction 2. Electron Transport Chain Two high energy electrons provide Energy to move H+ from stroma INTO thylakoid membrane via the ETC This movement takes electrons from PII to PI
Light Dependent Reaction 3. Photosystem I o Pigments in PI use light to re-energize electrons o NADP+ picks up high energy electrons and H+ o H+ + NADP+ --> NADPH (electron carriers)
Light Dependent Reaction 4. Hydrogen Ion Movement o o As electrons are moved from chlorophyll to NADP+ , more H+ are pumped across the membrane Inside the cell fills up with more positive ions Outside the cell are more negative ions Creates a difference in charges Importance = provides energy to make ATP
Light Dependent Reaction 5. ATP Formation H+ can’t cross the membrane directly ATP Synthase = enzyme protein on cell membrane Allows H+ to pass through membrane ATP Synthase binds ADP + P+, creating ATP
Light Dependent Reactions Products – OXYGEN GAS (02) – 2 energy carriers ADP -- > ATP NADP+ --> NADPH
Light Independent Reaction or Calvin Cycle Uses ATP and NADPH from Light Dependent Reaction Product - High energy Carbohydrates (sugar, starch)
Calvin Cycle A. CO 2 Enters the Cycle 6 CO 2 enter the cycle from atmosphere Combine with six 5 -Carbon Molecules Result = twelve 3 -Carbon Molecules
Calvin Cycle B. Energy Input ATP and electrons from NADPH used 12 3 -carbon molecules converted to higher energy forms
Calvin Cycle C. 6 -Carbon Sugar Produced Two 3 -Carbon molecules are removed to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds for metabolism
Calvin Cycle D. 5 -Carbon Molecules Regenerated 1. 2. 3. ATP is used Ten 3 -Carbon molecules convert back to six 5 -Carbon molecules combine with 6 CO 2 molecules to begin the next cycle
Calvin Cycle It takes 6 CO 2 to produce a SINGLE 6 -Carbon sugar molecule Removes CO 2 from air Sugar needed for growth and development
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis shortage of water = slow or stop photosynthesis temperature = damage or slow down how enzymes work
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis intensity of light = more light, increase photosynthesis –Until maximum levels are hit
Learning Targets: I can describe the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis. I can relate the products of the light dependent reactions to the products of the light independent reactions.
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