Plant Reproduction Flower Parts Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal

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Plant Reproduction Flower Parts Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination 1

Plant Reproduction Flower Parts Pollination Fertilization Seed Dispersal Germination 1

Stamen The stamen is the male part of the flower. It consists of two

Stamen The stamen is the male part of the flower. It consists of two parts, the filament and the anther. Anther The filament holds up the anther. It makes it easier for the flower to be pollinated, be it by animals or the wind. The anther is where the pollen is found. Pollen is the male sex cell (gamete). Filament 2

Carpel Stigma The carpel is the female part of the flower. The stigma is

Carpel Stigma The carpel is the female part of the flower. The stigma is where the pollen lands. Style The style connects the stigma to the ovary. It consists of the stigma, the style and the ovary that contains the ovule. 3

Stamen Anther The stamen is the male part of the flower Filament 4

Stamen Anther The stamen is the male part of the flower Filament 4

Carpel Stigma The carpel is the female part of the flower Style Ovary Ovule

Carpel Stigma The carpel is the female part of the flower Style Ovary Ovule 5

Sepal The sepal is what protects a flower before it blossoms 6

Sepal The sepal is what protects a flower before it blossoms 6

Lily Ovarium x 60 7

Lily Ovarium x 60 7

Lily Ovarium x 200 8

Lily Ovarium x 200 8

Lily Anther x 60 9

Lily Anther x 60 9

Lily Anther x 200 10

Lily Anther x 200 10

Parts of a Flower stigma anther stamen style carpel filament petal ovary ovule sepal

Parts of a Flower stigma anther stamen style carpel filament petal ovary ovule sepal 11

Key Words Pollination When pollen from an anther reaches a stigma Crosspollination When pollen

Key Words Pollination When pollen from an anther reaches a stigma Crosspollination When pollen from the anther on one flower reaches the stigma of another plant Selfpollination When pollen from the anther on a flower reaches the stigma of a flower on the same plant Fertilization When the male gamete (pollen) and the female gamete (ovule) fuse Dispersal When seeds ‘spread-out’ from the parent plant so they do not have to compete for resources Germination When a seed starts to grow 12

Pollination is when the male gamete, pollen, is carried from the anther to a

Pollination is when the male gamete, pollen, is carried from the anther to a stigma, this may or may not be on the same plant. Some flowers are pollinated by animals - like the plant above others are pollinated by the wind. 13

Self-pollination – when pollen from the anther reaches a carpel upon the same plant

Self-pollination – when pollen from the anther reaches a carpel upon the same plant 14

Cross-pollination – when pollen from the anther reaches a carpel upon a different plant

Cross-pollination – when pollen from the anther reaches a carpel upon a different plant 15

Pollination Plants are adapted in several ways to attract birds, insects and bats for

Pollination Plants are adapted in several ways to attract birds, insects and bats for pollination. They are brightly coloured; they are scented; they have nectaries that produce the sugary liquid nectar. All of these adaptations increase the likelihood a flower is pollinated. 16

Fertilization Pollen Stigma A pollen grain lands on the STIGMA. A POLLEN TUBE grows

Fertilization Pollen Stigma A pollen grain lands on the STIGMA. A POLLEN TUBE grows down the STYLE towards the OVARY. The MALE NUCLEUS travels down the pollen tube. There, the male nucleus joins with the OVULE NUCLEUS in the OVARY. This is called FERTILIZATION. From this fertilized ovum a SEED will develop. Pollen tube Style Ovary Ovule 17

Pollination & Fertilization 18

Pollination & Fertilization 18

Seed Dispersal Seeds Fleshy ovary wall To aid in seed dispersal, some plants have

Seed Dispersal Seeds Fleshy ovary wall To aid in seed dispersal, some plants have flowers that when an ovule is fertilized, undergo a change. The walls of the ovary become fleshy and edible. This attracts animals who will eat this fruit containing the seeds. The seeds are them moved away from the parent plant as the animal moves away. 19

Seed Dispersal The dandelion is adapted to dispersing its seeds using the wind 20

Seed Dispersal The dandelion is adapted to dispersing its seeds using the wind 20

Seed Dispersal There are many different ways that plants can disperse their seeds. Seeds

Seed Dispersal There are many different ways that plants can disperse their seeds. Seeds also come in all shapes and sizes. The coco-de-mer tree, native to forests on the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean, produces the largest seeds in the world. 21

Dispersal Dioon spinulosum, a cycad, produces the largest cones in the world. 22

Dispersal Dioon spinulosum, a cycad, produces the largest cones in the world. 22

Germination Germinating mustard seed x 60 23

Germination Germinating mustard seed x 60 23

Germination is when a new plant starts to grow from a seed 24

Germination is when a new plant starts to grow from a seed 24

Germination Are there specific conditions required for the germination of a seed to commence?

Germination Are there specific conditions required for the germination of a seed to commence? 25

Germination Micropyle Testa Hilum Cotyledons A seed with testa stripped Hilum – where the

Germination Micropyle Testa Hilum Cotyledons A seed with testa stripped Hilum – where the seed was attached to the ovary wall Micropyle – where water can enter the seed Testa – hard protective covering of the seed Cotyledons – food stores for the seed when it begins to germinate 26

A Germinating Seed Radicle A germinating seed Radicle – the first root that emerges

A Germinating Seed Radicle A germinating seed Radicle – the first root that emerges from a germinating seed. It will provide the seed with the essential water and nutrients it requires for healthy growth. Plumule – the first shoot that emerges from a germinating seed. It will begin the process of photosynthesis to provide the new plant with food once the store of food in the cotyledons has been exhausted. 27

Exercise 1: Name the Flower Parts A C D B A. _______ stigma B.

Exercise 1: Name the Flower Parts A C D B A. _______ stigma B. _____ style C. _____ anther D. _____ filament 28

Exercise 2: Parts of a Flower B. _______ Stigma What do we call the

Exercise 2: Parts of a Flower B. _______ Stigma What do we call the female part of the flower? Carpel A. _____ C. ______ Style D. ______ Ovary E. ______ Ovule 29

Exercise 3: Parts of a Flower B. _______ Anther What do we call the

Exercise 3: Parts of a Flower B. _______ Anther What do we call the male part of the flower? Stamen A. _____ C. _____ Filament 30

Exercise 4: Parts of a Flower 5. ______ stigma 4. ______ anther 6. _____

Exercise 4: Parts of a Flower 5. ______ stigma 4. ______ anther 6. _____ style filament 3. ____ 2. ______ petal 7. _____ ovary 8. _____ ovule 1. ______ sepal 31

Exercise 5: Link the Boxes Pollination When pollen from the anther on a flower

Exercise 5: Link the Boxes Pollination When pollen from the anther on a flower reaches the stigma of a flower on the same plant Crosspollination When pollen from an anther reaches a stigma Selfpollination When pollen from the anther on one plant reaches the stigma of another plant 32

Exercise 6: Link the Boxes Fertilization When seeds ‘spread-out’ from the parent plant so

Exercise 6: Link the Boxes Fertilization When seeds ‘spread-out’ from the parent plant so they do not have to compete for resources Dispersal When a seed starts to grow Germination When the male gamete (pollen) and the female gamete (ovule) fuse 33

Exercise 7: Short Questions 1. What do we call the male part of a

Exercise 7: Short Questions 1. What do we call the male part of a flower? Stamen 2. What do we call the female part of the flower? Carpel 3. What is the sepal? The remains of the leaves that protected the flower before it blossomed 4. What holds the anther up? The filament 5. What holds the stigma up? The style 6. What is pollination? When pollen from an anther reaches a stigma 34

Exercise 8: Short Questions 1. What is the testa? The hard outer covering that

Exercise 8: Short Questions 1. What is the testa? The hard outer covering that protects a seed 2. What substance can enter through the micropyle? Water 3. What is the hilum? Where the seed was attached to the ovary wall 4. In what form is food usually stored in the cotyledons? Starch 5. What do we call the first root from a germinating seed? The radicle 6. What do we call the first shoot from a germinating seed? The plumule 35

Exercise 9: Seed Dispersal Suggest how each of the following are dispersed 36

Exercise 9: Seed Dispersal Suggest how each of the following are dispersed 36

Exercise 10: Seed Dispersal Suggest how each of the following are dispersed 37

Exercise 10: Seed Dispersal Suggest how each of the following are dispersed 37

Exercise 11: Link the Boxes Testa Food store, usually starch, to help the seed

Exercise 11: Link the Boxes Testa Food store, usually starch, to help the seed to germinate before it can photosynthesise Micropyle Hard, protective outer covering of seed Cotyledons Small hole that can allow water to enter the seed 38

Exercise 12: Link the Boxes Radicle The first shoot a germinating seed produces Plumule

Exercise 12: Link the Boxes Radicle The first shoot a germinating seed produces Plumule When a seed starts to grow Germination The first root a germinating seed produces 39

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