Plant Reproduction Asexual Reproduction in Plants Involves only

Plant Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction in Plants • Involves only one parent plant • Does not involve gametes (sex cells) so no fertilisation takes place • New plants are genetically identical to each other and the parent plant

Sexual Reproduction in plants: • Involves two parent plants • Each parent plant produces gametes which fuse during fertilisation • New plant is not genetically identical to parent plants

Method of Asexual Reproduction Examples of Plants that reproduce asexually: • Strawberry • Daffodil • Tulip • The strawberry produces a new stem at the base of the parent plant that grows across the surface of the ground. • This new stem is called a runner. • At certain places where the runner touches the ground it produces new roots and a new shoot.

Main Parts of a Flower carpel

Carpel Ovary

The carpel consists of the: • Stigma: where pollen lands • Style: connects stigma to ovary • Ovary: contains ovules which produce the female gamete, the egg The stamen consists of the: • Anther: produces pollen which contains the male gamete • Filament: supports anther Ovary

Stages of Sexual Reproduction in Plants (1) Pollination (2) Fertilisation (3) Seed (and fruit) formation (4) Seed (and fruit) dispersal (5) Germination

(1) Pollination: is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the carpel. Two methods: (1) Wind pollination: Anthers Hang outside plant and wind Blows pollen to carpel of another plant (2) Insect pollination: insects such as bees pick up pollen on anther of one plant and carry it to carpel of another plant

(2) Fertilisation: is the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete to make a zygote. (1) Pollen lands on carpel and a tube, called the pollen tube, grows down the style into the ovary. (2) The male gamete passes from the pollen tube into an ovule and fuses with an egg to form a zygote. (3) The zygote can develop into a new plant.

(3) Seed and Fruit Formation • Once fertilisation has occurred, the fertilised ovule becomes a seed. • The sepals, stamens and petals fall off the flower. • The ovary swells up and becomes the fruit. The fruit protects the seeds.

Seed Structure Testa: Protective coat surrounding seed Plumule: baby shoot Radicle: baby root Food supply: provides energy for seed to grow Food supply

(4) Seed Dispersal • The seed must be dispersed away from the parent plant to prevent competition for light, water, minerals and space. Method of Dispersal Examples of Plants Feature of Fruit/Seed Wind Dandelion Grasses Seeds/fruits are light. May have wings/hairs Animal Raspberry Blackberry Fleshy and tasty fruit Water lily Duck Weed Light and buoyant to float Self Peas Wallflowers Have pods which explode to release seeds

(5) Germination: is the growth of a seed into a new plant. Conditions necessary for germination: • Water • Oxygen • Correct Temperature

Mandatory Experiment: To Investigate the Conditions Necessary For Germination