PLANT ORGANS Febriana Dwi Wahyuni M Si What

PLANT ORGANS Febriana Dwi Wahyuni, M. Si.

What are Organs made of? Organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function

PLANT ORGANS • Vegetative plant organs are roots, stems, and leaves. • The reproductive organs are variable. In flowering plants, they are represented by the flower, seed and fruit. • In conifers, the organ that bears the reproductive structures is called a cone.

ROOT

ROOT - The root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. - Roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is growing up above the ground or especially above water. - Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see rhizome). - Therefore, the root is best defined as the non-leaf, nonnodes bearing parts of the plant's body.

ROOT’s FUNCTIONS 1) Absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, 2) Anchoring of the plant body to the ground, and supporting it, 3) Storage of food and nutrients, 4) Vegetative reproduction and competition with other plants. In response to the concentration of nutrients, 5) Roots also synthesise cytokinin,

Structure

STEM

What Are Stems? Stems are one of the 3 major organs of a vascular plant other than leafs and roots. It’s an above ground organ that connects the roots to the leaves. Stems also have various functions such as: ØProvides stuctural support for the plant ØTransportation of nutrients and water ØDefence against pathogens and predator ØOrient the leaves towards light sources for photosynthesis Only vascular plants have stems!!

Basic Anatomy of Stems Plant Stems, like any other plant organs, are composed of cells such as: • Parenchyma: For food storage and bulk of the ground and vascular tissue, • Collenchyma: For additional structural support • Sclerenchyma: Also support plant structure, but are comprised of dead cells containing lignin

Basic Anatomy of Stems These differents cells combine into different tissues that are also in vascular plants such as: • Dermal tissue • Vascular Tissue • Ground Tissue

Dermal Tissue - Dermal Tissues are tissues that are mostly composed of collenchyma cells that covers and protects the other tissues under it. - Ligneous Plants have tough and waterproof outer layer of cork cells called bark. - The dermal tissues of stems primarily consists of the epidermis.

Vascular Tissue & Ground Tissues Vascular Tissues consists of two primary tissues: • Xylem: Network of tubes that transport water and minerals around the plant • Phloem: Network of tubes that transport food around the plant Ground tissues are plant tissues thatis located between the dermal tissue and vascular tissue whose functions are primarily food storage in stems.

Stem Growth Like any other living organism, plants experience growth. In vascular plants, there are different types of growth, that are: • Primary Growth: Increase in length • Secondary Growth: Increase in thickness • Determinate Growth: Growth stops at a certain point/size • Indeterminate Growth: Growth never stops Stem experience primary growth by being longer and secondary growth by being thicker. Secondary growth mostly happen on dicot plants (ligneous plants).

Stems Modifications Some plants have different modification in their stems to adapt to their environment. To name a few of these modifications are: • Rhizomes • Stolons • Bulb • Tendrils • Thorns

LEAF

DAUN ? ? • Daun merupakan salah satu organ tumbuhan yang tumbuh di ranting, biasanya berwarna hijau dan berfungsi sebagai energi dari cahaya matahari untuk fotosintesis.

MORFOLOGI DAUN Daun lengkap : Ø Pelepah daun ( upih daun/ vaginula ) Ø Tangkai daun (petiolus) Ø Helaian daun ( lamina ) Ø Contohnya pada daun pisang.

Fungsi daun • Tempat terjadinya fotosintesis. • Sebagai organ pernafasan, dau memiliki stomata yang berfungsi sebagai organ respirasi. • Tempat terjadinya transpirasi, yakni hilangnya uap air dari permukaan tumbuhan. • Tempat terjadinya gutasi, yakni proses pelepasan air dalam bentuk cair dari jaringan daun. • Alat perkembangbiakan vegetatif.

Epidermis merupakan lapisan sel hidup terluar. Jaringan ini terbagi atas epidermis atas dan epidermis bawah, berfungsi melindungi jaringan yang terdapat di bawahnya.

Jaringan mesofil • Jaringan tiang atau jaringan pelisade, mengandung banyak kloroplas yang berfungsi dalam proses pembuatan makanan. Salah satu ciri jaringan ini adalah berbentuk silinder dan tersusun rapat. • Jaringan bungan karang, di sebut juga jaringan spons karena lebih berongga di bandingkan jaringan pelisade, berfungsi sebagai tempat menyimpan cadangan makanan.

Pembuluh angkut • Xilem, yang terdapat pada akar dan berfungsi untuk mengangkut air dan mineral menuju daun, sedangkan pada batang xilem berfungsi penegang tumbuhan. • Floem, berfungsi untuk mengedarkan hasil fotosintesis dari daun ke seluruh bagian tumbuhan.

stomata • Stomata berfungsi sebagai organ respirasi. Stoma mengambil CO 2 dari udara untuk di jadikan bahan fotosintesis, mengeluarkan O 2 sebagai hasil fotosintesis.

Daun tumbuhan dikotil • Dorsiventral • Pembuluh xilem terdiri dari banyak protoxilem dan metaxilem • Stomata hanya terdapat di epidermis bawah ( hypostomatic ) • Jaringan mesofil di bedakan menjadi jaringan palisade dan parenkim spons • Selubung berkas pengangkut terbuat dari kolenkim.

Daun tumbuhan monokotil • Isobilateral • Pembuluh xilem terdiri dari dua protoxilem dan dua metaxilem • Stomata terdapat di epidermis bagian bawah dan atas ( amphistomatic ) • Terdapat sel kipas ( motor/ bulliform cells) di epidermis atas yang berfungsi membuka dan menutup daun • Selubung berkas pengangkut terbuat dari sklerenkim.

ANATOMY OF FLOWER, FRUIT, AND SEED

BUNGA • • • Dasar bunga Daun kelopak Mahkota Organ kelamin jantan Organ kelamin betina

Petal • Petals are used to attract insects into the flower, they may have guidelines on them and be scented. Stigma • Is covered in a sticky substance that the pollen grains will adhere to. Style • The style raises the stigma away from the Ovary to decrease the likelihood of pollen contamination. It varies in length.

Ovary • This protects the ovule and once fertilization has taken place it will become the fruit. Ovule • The Ovule is like the egg in animals and once fertilization has taken place will become the seed. Receptacle • This is the flower's attachment to the stalk and in some cases becomes part of the fruit after fertilization e. g. Strawberry.

Flower stalk • Gives support to the flower and elevates the flower for the insects. Nectary • This is where a sugary solution called nectar is held to attract insects. Sepal • Sepals protect the flower whilst the flower is developing from a bud.

Filament • This is the stalk of the Anther • The Anthers contain pollen sacs. • The sacs release pollen on to the outside of the anthers that brush against insects on entering the flowers. • Once the pollen is deposited on the insect. . it is transferred to the stigma of another flower. • The ovule is then able to be fertilized.