Plant leaf cell SEM x 7700 Mammalian cells

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Plant leaf cell (SEM) (x 7700) Mammalian cells (SEM) (x 2500)

Plant leaf cell (SEM) (x 7700) Mammalian cells (SEM) (x 2500)

Plant cell (EM) (x 4500 app. )

Plant cell (EM) (x 4500 app. )

General animal cell (EM) (x 5000 app. )

General animal cell (EM) (x 5000 app. )

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells Animal Cells

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells Animal Cells

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present Animal Cells

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present Animal Cells Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall Animal Cells Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall Animal Cells Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present A cementing layer sticking neighbouring cell walls together Animal Cells Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present Animal Cells Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present Animal Cells Absent Double membraned organelles in plants: chloroplast for photosynthesis, chromoplast for colouring, leucoplasts for storage (e. g. starch)

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present Animal Cells Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole Animal Cells Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole Animal Cells Absent Small & numerous if present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present Animal Cells Absent Small & numerous if present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present Animal Cells Absent Small & numerous if present Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus Animal Cells Absent Small & numerous if present Absent

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus Animal Cells Absent Small & numerous if present Absent Both are usually centrally located

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus 8 Centrioles absent in higher plants Animal Cells Absent Small & numerous if present Absent Both are usually centrally located

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 1 Cell wall present 2 Pits & plasmodesmata in cell wall 3 Middle lamella present 4 Plastids (chloroplasts & leucoplasts) present 5 Large central vacuole 6 Tonoplast present 7 Peripheral cytoplasm & nucleus 8 Centrioles absent in higher plants Animal Cells Absent Small & numerous if present Absent Both are usually centrally located Centrioles present

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for storage Animal Cells

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for storage Animal Cells Gycogen for storage

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division Animal Cells Gycogen for storage

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division Animal Cells Gycogen for storage Almost all cells are capable of cell division

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division 11 Few secretions Animal Cells Gycogen for storage Almost all cells are capable of cell division

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for

4. 2 Differences between plant and animal cells Plant Cells 9 Starch grains for storage 10 Only meristematic cells are capable of division 11 Few secretions Animal Cells Gycogen for storage Almost all cells are capable of cell division Many secretions

4. 2 Cell Ultrastructure Separation of cell organelles - cell fractionation 1. Tissue cut

4. 2 Cell Ultrastructure Separation of cell organelles - cell fractionation 1. Tissue cut into pieces 1. Ground in a homogenizer 2. Differential centrifugation (increasing the speed) - cell wall fragments, nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, fragments, and finally ribosomes

4. 2. 1 Cytoplasmic matrix - hyaloplasm or cytosol - a colloidal suspension of

4. 2. 1 Cytoplasmic matrix - hyaloplasm or cytosol - a colloidal suspension of many chemicals: ions, e. g. Na+, Fe 2+ organic molecules, e. g. glucose storage material, e. g. starch - many biochemical processes occur in cytoplasm - carries out cytoplasmic streaming

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