Plant Diversity Five Kingdom System z Kingdom z

Plant Diversity

Five Kingdom System z Kingdom z Kingdom Monera Protista Planta Fungi Animalia P l a n t a F u n g i A n i m a l i a Protista Monera

Kingdom Monera z. Contains the bacteria and cyanobacteria z. The only kingdom in which the cells are prokaryotic z Recent trend to split into two kingdoms y. Eubacteria y. Archebacteria

Kingdom Protista z. Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms z. Plant-like protists - all the algae z. Fungal-like protists - slime molds and water molds z. Animal-like protists - protozoa

Kingdom Planta z. Land plants z. Autotrophic manufacturing food through photosynthesis z. Mosses, Ferns and Fern-allies, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

Kingdom Fungi z. Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and rely on external sources of nutrition z. The fungi, from molds to mushrooms, are absorptive heterotrophs, secreting enzymes into their surroundings that break down food which is then absorbed

Kingdom Animalia z. Heterotrophic - cannot make their own food and rely on external sources of nutrition z. Animals, from primitive sponges to highly evolved mammals, are ingestive heterotrophs, engulfing their food and digesting it internally

Organisms traditionally studied by botanists z. Found in four of the five kingdoms y. Monera - blue-green algae y. Protista - all the other algae y. Plantae - all the land plants y. Fungi - all the fungi

Kingdom Monera z. Cyanobacteria - blue green algae z. Photosynthetic, prokaryotic organisms z. Found in oceans, fresh water, and terrestrial environments z. Used as a food source: Nostoc, Spirulina (since ancient times - today high protein additive) z. Microscopic unicells, filaments, and colonies z. First appeared in fossil record 3. 5 billion yrs ago z. Toxins can cause problems during blooms

Nostoc Oscillatoria

Kingdom Protista z. Six divisions of algae: y. Division Pyrrophyta - dinoflagellates Chrysophyta - diatoms Euglenophyta - euglenoids Chlorophyta - green algae Rhodophyta - red algae Phaeophyta - brown algae z. Two divisions of fungi

Dinoflagellates z. Unicellular algae covered with cellulose plates giving an armored appearance z. Important to the food chain in marine and fresh water z. Some marine species cause Red Tides y. Population explosion y. Color the water red y. Produce a powerful toxin y. Pfiesteria newly recognized problem

Dinoflagellates

Diatoms & Golden Brown Algae z Diatoms abundant and important economically z Important to the food chain in marine and fresh water z Unicells with siliconbased wall with pits, grooves

Diatomaceous earth z. Walls of the dead diatoms used commercially z. Deposits from past geological ages are known as diatomaceous earth z. Uses of diatomaceous earth ypolishing agent in silver polish yfilter in wine and petroleum industries ysoil additive to discourage some garden pests

Green Algae z. Contains many morphological types z. Abundant and diverse in fresh water z. Play a significant role in aquatic food chains z. Seasonal blooms of green algae are often noticeable in ponds and lakes z. Gave rise to the land plants over 400 million yrs ago

Red Alage z. Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae occurring in coastal waters often attached to rocks z. Highly branched filaments with a feathery appearance or sheet-like z. Many used as a food source z. Carrageenan and agar: cell wall carbohydrates used as stabilizing agents

Products from red algae z. Carrageenan used in ice cream, pudding, cottage cheese, toothpaste, lotions, and paints - imparts a creamy texture z. Agar used in a variety of commercial products - most important use is as a solidifying agent in culture media used in to grow bacteria, fungi, and for plant tissue culture

Brown Algae z. Seaweeds - large multicellular marine algae occurring in coastal waters often attached to rocks z. Huge kelps form extensive underwater "forests" off the California coast - among the largest plants on Earth z. Rockweeds commonly found in the intertidal zone in coastal areas - east coast and west z. Complex form: holdfast, stipe, and blade

KELP - common name for several brown seaweeds

Products from brown algae z. Some used directly as a food source z. Alginic acids (alginates) y. Used in the treatment of latex during tire manufacturing ybinding agent for charcoal briquettes yconfections, ice cream and other products where it acts similarly to carrageenan

Seaweed in our diet z. Red and brown seaweeds have long history a source of food, especially in the Orient z. Over 100 species of marine algae are eaten in one form or another z. Some favorite red seaweeds are dulse (Rhodymenia) and nori (Porphyra) z. Porphyra used by more cultures than any other seaweed, has a long history of food use dating back to the year 533 - cultivation since 1600 s

Algal Bloom

Kingdom Planta z 10 divisions of plants zcan group these into 4 groups ymosses and liverworts ( one division) yferns and fern-allies (four divisions) ygymnosperms (four divisions) yangiosperms (one division)

Bryophytes: mosses & liverworts z. Small plants, no vascular tissue z. Reproduce by spores formed in a sporangium z. Dominant generation is the gametophyte with the sporophyte short-lived z. Restricted to moist environments z. Sphagnum (peat moss) grows in acid water and used as a soil additive and fuel

Moss Liverwort

Lower Vascular Plants: Ferns and fern-allies z. Reproduce by spores formed in a sporangium z. Long fossil history z. Four divisions ywhisk ferns yclub mosses yhorsetails yferns

Psilotum or whisk ferns - very primitive plant that resembles first land plants that existed 400 million years ago No leaves or roots only a branched stem

Club Moss

Horsetails (Equisetum)

Ferns - About 10, 000 species exist from tropics to arctic. Typically ferns have compound leaves.

Gymnosperms z. Vascular plants, many are large - include largest organisms on Earth z. Reproduce by seeds z. Dominant sporophyte, gametophytes are microscopic z. Long fossil history z. Four divisions of living gymnosperms

Gymnosperms z. Division Coniferophyta - Conifers Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo Cycadophyta - Cycads Gnetophyta - Ephedra and allies

Leaves of a Ginkgo tree

Conifers z. Includes the biggest, tallest, and oldest living organisms z. Separate male and female cones z. Seed produces in female cones z. Pollen produced in male cones z. Economically important for lumber and paper z. Pine (Pinaceae) and cedar (Cupressaceae) are the two largest families

Redwood trees are the largest organisms on Earth

Angiosperms z Flowering plants z Most widespread vegetation on Earth today z Greatest economic use

Fungi z. Generally have a thread-like body y. Hypha - single filament or thread y. Mycelium - all the hyphae of a colony z. Reproduce by spores - usually airborne z. Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista z. True fungi in the Kingdom Fungi

Fungal-like organisms in Kingdom Protista z. Slime molds y. Slimy (animal-like) feeding stage y. Reproduce by spores z. Water molds y. Many in fresh water others on land y. Important plant pathogens in this group

Kingdom Fungi z. Includes yeasts, molds, mildews and other microfungi z. Also includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, and other macrofungi z. Fungi y. Include many plant pathogens y. Majority are saprobic and recycle organic material

Fungi include molds and mushrooms

Summary z. Living organisms are classified into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Animalia, Planta, and Fungi z. Organisms traditionally known as plants are found in four of the five kingdoms