PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Dr Ir Andy Soegianto CESA What

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY § Dr. Ir. Andy Soegianto, CESA

What is Biotechnology ? § Use of living organisms to solve problems or make useful products § Use of cells and biomolecules to solve problems or make useful products § Almost anything to do with biology & technology § Use of living organism or parts of them to produce industrially goods or services

Molecular Biology Molecular Genetics Microbiology Cell Biology Biochemistry Engineering Processes Biotechnology Health Diagnoses Fermentation Industry Pharmaceutical Industry Chemical Industry Environment and Energy Food and Animal Feed Industry

Progression of Biotechnology The Era before Louis Pasteur § Alcoholic drinks (Beer, Wine, Palm-wine) § Fermented Food (Cheese, yoghurt, tape, tempe, petis, terasi)

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Louis Pasteur § § § Alcohol (Ethanol, Butanol, aceton, glycerol) Organic acids (Citric acid, acetic acid) Aerobic waste treatment

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Antibiotics § Antibiotics (Penicillin, tetracyclin, streptomycin) § Vaccine (NCD, polio) § Steroid Transformation (DOPA) § Liquid Medium Fermentation Technology § Animal Tissue Culture Technology

Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Post-Antibiotics § Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Lysin, aspartame) § Single Cell Protein § Enzyme (Amylase, Glucose isomerase, Glucose dehydrogenase) § Cell and Enzyme Mobilization Technology § Anaerobic liquid waste treatment technology (Biogas) § Polisaccharide bacteria (Xanthan, Trehalosa)

Progression of Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology Era § 1973, The gene can be cloned for the first time § 1974, Cloned gene expression on different organism § 1975, monoclonal antibody (Hybridome Technology § Technology of diagnostic test using antibody § Genetic Engineering § Artificial vaccine § Insulin from alcoholic drink

The Most Used Terms in Modern Biotechnology Transgene – Strange gene which is inserted into a species Example – Cry gene (gene codes for toxic protein for Coleoptera) Transgenic organism – an organism contains of transgene by the process of biotechnology (not a cross as in plant breeding process) Example – Bollgard cotton Herbicide resistant maize

PRODUCTS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE GMO - Genetically modified organisms An organism which has a new trait that is not found before as a result of addition of gene derived from another organism. Also called as Transgenic organism Pest resistant Maize ü Bt toxin content can kill a corn borer ü Gene controls toxin production is derived from bacteria Normal Transgenic

Cry gene designation Toxic to these insect orders Cry. IA(a), Cry. IA(b), Cry. IA(c) Lepidoptera Cry 1 B, Cry 1 C, Cry 1 D Lepidoptera Cry. II Lepidoptera, Diptera Cry. III Coleoptera Cry. IV Diptera Cry. V Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

Virus resistant plants ü papaya, orange, potato ü Resistance Gene is derived from virus Herbicide resistant plants ü already exist: soybean, maize, canola ü next: sugarbeet, cabbage, strawberry, alfalfa, potato, wheat ü Resistance Gene is derived from bacteria

HERBICIDE TOLERANCE CROPS (HTCs) Herbicide Commercial Name Bromoxynil Buctril Glyphosate Roundup Glufosinate Sulfonylureas Imidazolinones 2, 4 -D Sethoxydim Triazines Herbicide Tolerant Crops cotton, potato, tobacco sugar beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, canola, soybean, tobacco, tomato, wheat Liberty, alfalfa, sugar beet, corn, barley, melon, peanut, Ignite, Basta rice, canola, soybean, tomato, wheat corn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, flax, soybean, sugar beet corn, canola, wheat potato, sweetgum, cotton corn canola

The Differences between Plant Biotechnology and Plant Breeding Plant Biotechnology allows the plant breeder a wider choice of traits to choose from and allows the trait to be realized in a more precise manner and within a shorter time period. Conventional plant breeding • Can only use genes from within one species or several closely related species or wild species, becoming a limitation due to loss of genetic diversity • Takes many years to develop an improved variety

Interspecific crossing in Plant Breeding Wheat Rye X Triticale New species, but NOT as result of Modern Biotechnology process

Mutagenesis: New trait, without a strange gene ü Mutagenesis changes DNA sequences of a gene ü allow to get a new advantageous trait Mutagenesis treatment Gene target ATTCGA New Gene ATTGGA

§ “While traditional breeding approaches have worked well, they can be very time consuming and sometimes inefficient. Each plant has tens of thousands of genes, so crossing two plants results in a multitude of combinations. § With advances in technology, scientists can now precisely identify through marker technology some of the individual genes responsible for producing a particular characteristic. Traits such as fruit color or resistance to a particular pest, make breeding new varieties quicker and more precise.

Table 1. Areas of Biotech Crop Growth 2004 COUNTRY USA Argentina Canada Brazil China South Africa India Paraguay Uruguay Australia Romania Spain Mexico AREA (m Ha) 47. 6 16. 2 5. 4 5. 0 3. 7 0. 5 1. 2 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 CROP Cotton, Maize, Soybean, Maize, Cotton Canola, Maize, Soybean Cotton Maize, Soybean, Cotton Soybean, Maize Soybean Maize Cotton, Soybean

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN HORSE AND SNAIL? ? ? WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN GRASSHOPPER AND RICE? ? ? WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN SALMONELLA AND PINE TREE? ? ?

ORGANISM ORGAN SYSTEM ORGAN TISSUE CELL ORGANELLES (MITOCHONDRIA, VACUOLE, GOLGI BODY, NUCLEUS, ETC. ) GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)

GENETIC MATERIALS USED FOR TRANSMITTING THE GENETIC INFORMATION FROM AN INDIVIDU INTO ITS OFFSPRING

HOW DO THE DNA DETERMINE THE CHARACTER OF LIVING ORGANISM? DNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION PROTEIN Character structure and process in an organism All processes directed by enzymes Enzyme the largest part of the protein.

WHY A CHARACTER CAN BE ENGINEERED? ? ……………… WHY IS GENETIC ENGINEERING PROSPECTIVE ? ? KARENA KESAMAAN STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DNA PADA SEMUA MAKHLUK HIDUP MEMUNGKINKAN REKAYASA (PEMINDAHAN, PENGGANTIAN, PENGURANGAN, PENAMBAHAN) DARI SUMBER DNA YANG BERBEDA

Assignment for Each Student § Essay on Reviewing some journals on the application of Plant Biotechnology § Type it using MSWORD : 10 pages minimum, 1. 5 spacing, Times New Roman 12” § Save in a directory named as your name and Student Identity Number § Be gathered in next 2 weeks (week 3 th) § Will be presented in week 5 th

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