Plant Animal Adaptations BIOLOGY EOCT REVIEW Adaptations in

Plant & Animal Adaptations BIOLOGY EOCT REVIEW

Adaptations in Plants �Adaptation: any structure or behavior that increases an organism’s chance of survival or reproduction �Stimulus: anything in an organism’s internal or external environment that causes the organism to react. Includes light, temperature, movement, pressure, chemicals, gravity, and sound �Tropism: a plant’s growth in a certain direction in response to a stimulus. Toward stimulus: positive Away from stimulus: negative

Plant Tropisms

Plant Hormones �Hormone: a chemical messenger that is produced in one part of an organism and affects activities in another part of the organism

Structural Adaptations in Plants �These adaptations of plants can be seen in their leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and seeds. They help plants survive adverse environmental conditions. Examples: � Deciduous trees have broad, flat leaves that are well suited for capturing sunlight � Dormancy in winter to conserve water � Conifers have flexible branches that prevent them from breaking under the weight of snow � Pollen carried by the wind

Functional Adaptations of Plants �Functional adaptations are related to the way an organism’s body works �Chemical defenses are also a functional adaptations to protect from predators Example: Poison ivy, poison oak

Physical Adaptations of Animals �Camouflage: coloring or patterns that enable an organisms to blend in with its surroundings Countershading Cryptic coloration Disruptive Coloration

Physical Adaptations of Animals �Mimicry: an organisms’ resemblance to an object in its surrounding or to another organism Walking Stick Wasp (stings) vs Hoverfly (harmless)

Behavior in Animals �Innate behavior: a behavior that an animal does not need to learn through experience �Reflex: an involuntary response to a stimulus (ex: pulling your hand away when you touch something hot) �Instinct: a more complicated innate behavior (ex: bird building a nest, courtship rituals); animals have control over these behaviors Territorial behavior is an innate behavior!

Behavior �Migration: the instinctive seasonal movement of a species �Hibernation: spending the winter in an inactive or dormant state �Estivation: a reduction in an animal’s rate of metabolism in response to extreme heat

Learned Behavior �Learned behaviors develop during an animal’s lifetime as a result of experience Help animals survive by responding to a changing environment Many require practice Habituation: animal learns to ignore a repeated stimulus that does not harm the animal Imprinting: the response of some animals to a stimulus that they are exposed to shortly after birth