Planned Parenthood nonprofit clinics lobbying abortion contraception and

Главные Американские организации которые защищают права на аборт • Planned Parenthood: non-profit clinics & lobbying: abortion, contraception, and general health care • NARAL (National Abortion Rights Action League) Pro- Choice America: Lobbying Organization • National Abortion Federation: Lobbying Organization of Abortion Providers • National Organization for Women: General advocacy for women

Opposition to Abortion Campaign, 1990 s Political Alliance: • Church Leaders: On Moral Grounds • Nationalists & Pronatalists: On Demographic Grounds: Reverse Low Fertility • Restrictions on Access 2003, 2007 Patriarch Kirill at Moscow Demographic Summit, 6/2011

2011: Proposed Restrictions & New Requirements • Inspired by anti- abortion movement in the US • Mobilized Russia’s First Public Abortion Access Movement

“Fight Abortion, Not Women”- 2011 • For Free Motherhood! • Sign the petition to defend Russians’ Reproductive Health & Reproductive Rights

“A Child Must Be Wanted” “We’re Against Abortion”

<<бороться с абортами, не с женщинами>> Парадоксальное для Американских Pro-Choice • Criticizes the use of abortion for fertility control; • Challenges the idea of abortion as enabling bodily autonomy; • Implicitly advocates for alternatives to abortion (i. e. , Contraception); • Does not criticize state efforts to persuade women against abortions (“invasion of privacy”).

Understanding Russian Cultural Approaches to Abortion & Family Planning • What does Russia’s approach to defending abortion access teach International Family Planning & American organizers for Women’s Reproductive Rights?

M. Rivkin-Fish Fall 09 Shifting Soviet Policies on Abortion • 1920 Abortion Legalized • Labor Force Mobilization • 1936 Abortion Criminalized • To Increase Fertility • 1954 Abortion Legalized • To Stem Maternal Mortality • Contraception Not Widely Promoted or Made Easily Available

Establishing the Soviet “Abortion Paradigm” • State’s Goal of Increasing Fertility Led to Contradictory Policies: • Legalization (1955) to prevent maternal mortality from unsafe abortions; • Yet ‘fight against abortion’ by advocating childbearing: • Minimal info about pregnancy prevention • Oral contraceptives de facto banned as dangerous ‘hormones’ • ABORTION BECOMES MAIN METHOD OF FERTILITY CONTROL

Russia’s Contraception Revolution, 1991+ • Market Reforms Contraceptive Imports • Abortion Clinics Remade as F. P. Clinics • Explosion of New Sources of Information (media, internet)

Steadily Declining Abortion Rate YEAR 1970 1990 2004 2009 2010 No. of Abortions per 100 Live Births (reported) 254 206 169 122 74 67

1990 s: “Sexual Revolution” • Sudden explosion of sexually explicit material in public • “Democracy” often equated with “Pornography” & loss of moral order

Cases of Syphilis per 100, 000

New HIV Infections (reported) 1987 -2005

M. Rivkin-Fish Fall 09 Decreasing Total Fertility Rate YEAR Fertility Rate 1985 -86 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2. 10 1. 89 1. 73 1. 55 1. 37 1. 39 1. 34 1. 27 1. 22 1. 23 1. 16 ** 1. 20 1. 22 1. 34 1. 41 1. 54 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2004 2007 2009

M. Rivkin-Fish Fall 09 2006: Childbearing Propaganda & Econ Incentives Maternity Capital: $10, 000 in vouchers for women giving birth to a 2 nd or 3 rd child.

Reviving Motherhood: A Public Landscape of Pronatalism • Statue in Honor of Pregnant Women, Zelenograd, Russia

A Public Landscape of Pronatalism • Minsk, Belarus

A Public Landscape of Pronatalism • “Mama” Tiumen, Russia

Proliferating Anti-Abortion Messages • “Abortion does not annul your pregnancy. It makes you the mother of a dead child. ”

Reviving Motherhood- Opposing Abortion Slovakia, 2009; Image widely reproduced on Russian internet One Russian site added a story: • • • “I’M AFRAID!!!” Я БОЮСЬ!!! МАМА! They’re cutting off my foot!!! It hurts me a lot! Mommy, I’m too small to defend myself!!! Defend me, Mommy, I beg you… Tell them to stop!!! I swear, I’ll be good. I won’t move around in your tummy! How can someone treat me this way? ! МАМА! I won’t be able to hold on any longer! Mommy, help me. They are killing me! Мама!!!!!!! • A few years later… the image on the sculpture: • Мама, you didn’t let me live, but… you are my only mama. Mommy, from here, in the heavens, I see your pain from your decision. Please don’t cry any more. Know that I love you and I am waiting for us to meet. . .

Russian Anti-Abortion Lobbying • “Ella Alexandrovna Pamfilova, Commissioner for Human Rights, Stand for Up the Fast, Stand Up for Children!” • “Recognize the right to life for those still unborn, and still not killed by abortion…”

From Family Planning to “Pregnancy Planning” • The Symbol of the Rowan • Emphasize“family values” Bunch • Reproductive “Rights”: right of each person, each family to free and responsible parenthood

Historical Traces in the Present Nationalism & Pronatalism Intertwined • Backlash VS. Sexual Revolution of 1990 s • + • Moral Panic of Fertility Decline • Has led Abortion Access Advocates to Endorse • Opposition to Abortion • “Pregnancy Planning”

Russian Struggles for Abortion Access Carry Along Soviet History… Navigating the protection of abortion access While cautiously invoking global discourses on Rights & Health