Plan A Standard lecture course Plan B Standard

Plan A Standard lecture course Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1. Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives 2. Last 4 labs will be an independent research project 3. 20% of grade will be “elective” • Paper • Talk • Research proposal • Poster • Exam

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1. Phytoremediation 2. Plant products 3. Biofuels 4. Climate/CO 2 change 5. Stress responses/stress avoidance 6. Improving food production 7. Biotechnology 8. Plant movements 9. Plant signaling (including neurobiology) 10. Flowering? 11. Something else?

Plan C 1. Pick a problem 2. Pick some plants to study 3. Design some experiments 4. See where they lead us

Plan C Grading? Combination of papers and presentations • First presentation: 5 points • Research presentation: 10 points • Final presentation: 15 points • Assignments: 5 points each • Poster: 10 points • Intermediate report 10 points • Final report: 30 points Alternatives • Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations • Research proposal instead of a presentation • One or two exams? • Scavenger hunts?

Vegetative Plants 3 Parts 1. Leaf 2. Stem 3. Root

Vegetative Plants 3 tissue types 1. Dermal 2. Ground 3. Vascular

• Plant Development Cell division = growth

• • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become

• • • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types

• • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types Pattern formation: developing specific structures in specific locations

• • • Plant Development Cell division = growth Determination = what cell can become Differentiation = cells become specific types Pattern formation Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs

Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • embryogenesis

Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination

Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis

Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis • Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation

Plant Development umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis • Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation Many responses to environment

Plant Development Umbrella term for many processes Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: can’t move:

Plant Development Umbrella term for many processes Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: can’t move: Must grow towards/away from signals

Plant Development Umbrella term for many processes Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead • Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment

Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move • Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment • Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals

• • Unique features of plant development Cell walls: cells can’t move Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones

• • Unique features of plant development Cell walls: cells can’t move Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line!

Unique features of plant development Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!

Unique features of plant development Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution! • Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have different DNA & form different gametes

Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch!

Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! 2˚ wall made after growth stops

Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough

Cell walls Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell Protects & gives cell shape 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • Can stretch! 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough

Cell walls 1˚ wall made first 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough • Problem for "cellulosic Ethanol" from whole plants Middle lamella = space between 2 cells

Cell walls 1˚ wall made first 2˚ wall made after growth stops Middle lamella = space between 2 cells Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells

Cell Walls Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane

Cell Walls Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane • Desmotubule joins ER of both cells

Cell Walls Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane • Desmotubule joins ER of both cells • Exclude objects > 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move through them!

Types of Organelles 1) Endomembrane System 2) Putative endosymbionts

Endomembrane system Common features • derived from ER

Endomembrane system Common features • derived from ER • transport is in vesicles

Endomembrane system Common features • derived from ER • transport is in vesicles • proteins & lipids are glycosylated

Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6) Endosome 7) Oleosomes

ER Network of membranes t/out cell 2 types: SER & RER

SER tubules that lack ribosomes fns: 1) Lipid syn 2) Steroid syn 3) drug detox 4) storing Ca 2+ 5) Glycogen catabolism

RER Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes 1˚ fn = protein synthesis -> ribosomes are making proteins

ER SER & RER make new membrane!

GOLGI COMPLEX Flattened stacks of membranes made from ER

GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack

GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates!

GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates! Protein’s address is built in

VACUOLES Derived from Golgi; Fns: 1)digestion a) Organelles b) food particles

VACUOLES Derived from Golgi; Fns: 1)digestion a) Organelles b) food particles 2) storage

VACUOLES Derived from Golgi; Fns: 1) digestion a) Organelles b) food particles 2) storage 3) turgor: push plasma membrane against cell wall

VACUOLES Vacuoles are subdivided: lytic vacuoles are distinct from storage vacuoles!

Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane Regulates transport in/out of cell

Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane Regulates transport in/out of cell Lipids form barrier Proteins transport objects & info

Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER

Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores

Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import

Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import new one for export

Endomembrane System Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin = mix of DNA and protein

Endomembrane System Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin fns = information storage & retrieval Ribosome assembly (in nucleolus)

Endomembrane System Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane Fn: sorting materials & recycling receptors

Endomembrane System Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER Surrounded by lipid monolayer!

Endomembrane System Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER Surrounded by lipid monolayer! • filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!