Pink Katydid www Bio Ed Online org Mutation

Pink Katydid www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Mutation n A mutation is a random change in an organism’s genetic material. Heritable mutations can lead to changes in the gene pool of a population. New mutations can be: n harmful n neutral n advantageous Bio. Ed Online Due to their lack of camouflage, albino alligators generally do not survive to adulthood in the wild. www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Flu: The virus n n Influenza viruses that cause serious human disease Minor genetic changes in the virus help it to escape the immune system’s memory. To keep up with these changes, influenza vaccines must be reformulated annually. Electron micrographs of regular particles of influenza virus after growth in the laboratory. Micrographs prepared by Ross Hamilton. www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Avian Influenzas: Change Mechanisms n n Small errors (mutations) occur during the copying of genetic information. Flu A viruses are unable to repair errors. Small changes make the virus look new to the immune system. Immunity against previous strains does not protect against the new version. NIAID/NIH Bio. Ed Online www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

You Decide n n For each of the following organism slides 1. Determine whether the inherited mutation is helpful, neutral or harmful to the organism and their reproductive success, given the environment in which the organism lives. 2. State why the mutation is helpful or harmful in that environment. 3. State whether the mutation will be passed down to offspring and why. www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Mutated Frog www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Albino Peacock www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Lack of Fingerprints www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Pink Dolphin www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria n n 1. Antibiotics attack and kill off bacteria without the mutation. 2. The mutated ones survive after the antibiotics are gone. 3. They reproduce, passing along the mutation to their offspring. 4. Eventually there are more antibiotic resistant bacteria than non resistant bacteria. www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Chamomile Flower www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Extra Digit ( 1 in 500 Births) www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Webbed Fingers www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Michael Phelps (Winner of 8 Olympic Gold Medals) www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

How could Michael Phelps possibly be mutated? n n n n n Here's what Phelps has going for him: Most people have a wingspan that matches their height. Not Phelps. He may be 6'4" tall, but his arms extend outward to a total of 6'7". The average shoe size for a person the size of Phelps is 12; he wears a size 14 which gives him a 10% advantage over the competition. He also has a larger than average hand size which allows him to move more water. Phelps is double-jointed in the chest area; this enables him to extend his arms higher above his head and pull down at an angle that increases his efficiency through the water by as much as 20%; this also allows him to have quicker starts and turns. He has proportionately short legs relative to his long, powerful trunk; this large upper body is the engine that powers his long arms. Moreover, his unique physique reduces drag through the water and allows for maximum propulsion. Phelps has a greater-than-average lung capacity allowing him to execute his underwater dolphin kicks longer than the competition. He has a genetic advantage that cause his muscles to produce 50% less lactic acid than other athletes. This means he can work at higher work loads for longer periods. With a low body fat of 4%, he is better able to convert his effort into speed. www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Peppered Moths www. Bio. Ed. Online. org

Tear Duct Valve Mutation www. Bio. Ed. Online. org