PIN RETAINED RESTORATION S CONTENTS 1 2 3

PIN RETAINED RESTORATION S

CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Introduction Definition Indications and contraindications Advantages and disadvantages Pins – types and designs Pin placement – factors Techniques for inserting pins Cavity preparations Complications and failures

INTRODUCTION Most of the teeth can be restored with amalgam and composite but when the tooth preparation is extensive due to caries or other reason the remaining tooth structure is very less, it becomes difficult to achieve optimal resistance and retention form. In such cases dentin lock and slots are prepared in dentin

But when these retention features are insufficient to provide desired retention then pin supported restorations are used In these cases pins support the restorative materials and resist their dislodgment in severely damaged tooth

HISTORY In 1958, Dr. Miles Markley introduced a practical instrumentation for the use of a stainless steel cemented pin that resulted in the extensive use of cemented pins in dentistry

DEFINITION Pin retained restoration is defined as any restoration which requires the placement of pin/pins in dentin in order to provide retention and/or resistance form to the restoration

INDICATIONS Extensive tooth loss Questionable prognosis As a foundation Economics Age and health of the patient

CONTRAINDICATIONS Occlusal problems Esthetics Access difficulties

ADVANTAGES Conservation of tooth structure Appointment time Resistance and retention form Economics

DISADVANTAGES Dentinal micro fractures Lowered fractured resistance Strength of amalgam restoration is reduced Micro leakage Perforations Difficulty to achieve proper contours

TYPES OF PINS Cemented pins 2. Friction locked pins 3. Self threaded pins 1.

CEMENTED PINS � Developed by Dr. Markley to retain large amalgam restorations � Made of Stainless Steel � They are used to build foundation after endodontic treatment as they produce the least amount of stress � Offer less resistance than the other pins

FRICTION LOCKED PINS � Developed by Dr. Goldstein in 1966 � Made of stainless steel � More retentive than cemented pins � Used in vital teeth with good access and ease of tapping the pins � Cause craze lines or cracks

SELF THREADED PINS � Developed by Dr. Going in 1966 � Most popular type among all the different type of pins and extensively used � Made of stainless steel or titanium pins � Provide maximum retention among all types of pins � Cause craze lines � Used in vital teeth

CEMENTED PINS FRICTION LOCKED PINS Stainless steel with threads or serrations threads SELF THREADED PINS Stainless steel/Titanium with gold plating Pin channel [0. 020” to 0. 32”] larger than pin size [0. 018” to 0. 30”] Pin channel is 0. 001” Pin channel is 0. 015” smaller than pin size to 0. 004” smaller than pin size Luted with standard luting agents Taped into place with Placed by hand mallet wrench or contra angle hand piece Ease of placement Pin placement is difficult Pin placement is easy

CEMENTED PINS FRICTION LOCKED PINS SELF THREADED PINS Less internal stresses Increased internal stresses Least retentive 2 -3 times more retentive than cemented pins 5 -6 times more retentive than friction locked pins

SELF THREADED PINS – THREAD MATE SYSTEM

SELF THREADED PINS – THREAD MATE SYSTEM

REGULAR MINIM MINIKIN MINUTA • Largest diameter pins • Causes maximal stress • Causes maximum dentinal crazing • Rarely used • Next smaller diameter pins • Lesser stress are created • Lesser dentinal crazing • Good retention • Diameter is lesser than minim pins • Very less risk of dentinal crazing • Good retention • MINIM AND MINIKIN ARE COMMONLY USED SIZES OF TMS • SMALLEST SIZE of pins • They are too small to provide adequate retention • Not widely used

PIN DESIGNS

Standard design • 7 mm long • They have flattened heads to fit into the hand wrench or handpiece chuck • After placement the pin is reversed 1/4 th turn to reduce stresses on dentin • Pin height can be adjusted appropriately Self shearing design • Avaliable in varying lengths • They have flattened heads to fit into the hand wrench or handpiece chuck • During pin placement when the pin reaches the bottom of the pin hole, the head automatically shears off, leaving a portion projecting from dentin Two in one design • It consists of 2 pins connected by means of a joint which serves as a shear line for peripheral pin • Total length is 9 mm and 2 pins are about 4 mm each • They have flattened heads to fit into the hand wrench or handpiece chuck • The handpiece need not be reloaded during insertion of more than 1 pin

Link series design • They have a plastic sleeve that fits into the latch type contra angle handpiece or a special plastic hand wrench • Self shearing • Pin engages the dentin and the plastic sleeve can be discarded • Can align well into pin channels Link plus design • Similar to link series design • Self shearing • Avaliable as single or 2 in 1 pins • The major difference in this pin design is that pins have sharper threads and a tapered tip to decrease dentinal stresses while seating

ADVANTAGES OF TMS PINS Versatile design Wide range of pin sizes Color coding allows ease of use Gold plating eliminates corrosion Good retention

PIN PLACEMENT MECHANICAL ASPECTS 2. ANATOMICAL ASPECTS 3. MECHANO – ANATOMICAL ASPECTS 1.

MECHANICAL ASPECTS [PINS AND TOOTH STRUCTURE] A] Stressing capabilities of pins � Type of pins

Diameter of pins � Pin depth and dentinal engagement � Bulk of dentin � Type of dentin �

Shape of pin channels Loose pins Irregularly shaped dentinal end of pins Ratio of dentinal engagement : pin protrusion [ideal 2: 1] Number of pins in one tooth

Drill – its use and function Stresses induced during shortening pins Retentive features Inserting pins in stress concentration area of tooth

B] RETENTION OF PINS IN DENTIN � Type of pin � Pin depth and dentinal engagement � Pin channel circumferential shape relative to that of pin � Inter pin distance

Type of cement Ratio of dentinal engagement : pin protrusion [ideal 2: 1] Type of involved dentin Surface roughness of the pins Mode of shortening of pins after insertion of pins Bulk of dentin around the pin

C] MICROCRACKING AND CRAZING Type of pin Proximity of pin to DEJ Induced stresses in involved dentin Type of dentin

MECHANICAL ASPECTS [PINS AND RESTORATIVE MATERIALS] A] Effect of pins on the strength of amalgam and composite restorations Compressive strength Tensile strength

B] RETENTION OF PINS TO RESTORATIVE MATERIALS �Type of pin �Pin diameter �Inter pin distance �Pin length in restorative material �Proximity of restorative material with the pin surface �Surface material of pins

ANATOMICAL ASPECTS Knowledge of anatomy Radiograph Outer surface of tooth Amount of dentin

Anatomical features Tooth alignment Cavity extent Effect of age or relative age on the pulp chamber

MECHANO ANATOMICAL ASPECTS FOR PIN PLACEMENT

TECHNIQUES FOR INSERTING PINS Pin channel preparations Cemented pin technique Threaded pin technique Friction grip pin technique

PIN CHANNEL PREPARATION Twist drill No. 1, 2, 3 round burs Measuring probes or depth guage

CEMENTED PIN TECHNIQUE INDICATIONS Ideal technique Only technique for endodontically treated tooth Only technique to be used when avaliable location of the pin is close to DEJ

Ideal technique for a sclerotized / tertiary / calcific barrier / highly demineralized / dehydrated dentin For class IV restorations When there is limited bulk of dentin

PROCEDURE Preparation of pin channel Checking the surface irregularities of pins Slow setting phosphate / polycarboxylate introduced by perio explorer tip or lenticulo spiral at slow speed Placement of pin using lock in or magnetised tweezer or hemostat

Large amalgam plugger is needed to check the complete seating of the pin In case of class IV restorations, bending of the pins is to be done before cementation of the pin channel

THREADED PIN TECHNIQUE INDICATIONS Vital teeth Dentin to engage the pin is either primary or secondary Minimum avaliable location is 1. 5 mm from DEJ If minimum pins are needed for the restoration

PROCEDURE �Preparation of pin channel �Pin is engaged to a driving device and pin is continuously threaded into the pin channel until it offer resistance initiated by the pin channel floor �Desired length of the pin can be cut using small bur and high speed handpiece in the direction of threading and with light intermittent touches �Surface irregularities are corrected �No bending should be performed

FRICTION GRIP PIN TECHNIQUE INDICATIONS For vital teeth When bulk of dentin is present [min 4 mm in all 3 dimensions] Only in the accessible areas

PROCEDURE Pin channel is prepared Checking the surface irregularities of pins Put a colored mark on the pin to indicate the exact depth of the pin channel using a measuring probe Pin is held in its place at the entrance of the cavity Concave headed seater is placed on the pin

With the hammer light strokes are given until that colored mark Remove all the holding devices Check for cracks, chipped pieces or grossed fractures

CAVITY PREPARATION Remove all carious and weakened tooth structure Initial cavity is prepared with dovetails, boxes, grooves etc Facial and lingual walls are kept parallel wherever possible Margins are placed supragingivally

Areas to receive pins should be flat and perpendicular to long axis of the tooth. There must be enough dentin for pin placement Weakened cusps should be reduced and occlusal contour should follow the normal contour of the unreduced tooth PULP PROTECTION

CLASS II DESIGN �Pins should be put in apically deepest and most peripheral parts of the cavity �Pin should not be placed below the cusp �Decreasing the stress concentration on the pin �Use of minimum number of pins with less diameter �Placement of the pin should be such that theres enough restorative material around it

CLASS III AND CLASS IV DESIGN CLASS III Pronounced gingival floor in 2 dimensions must be made One pin per gingival floor is sufficient

CLASS IV For unilateral class IV, L shaped cemented pin is sufficient For bilateral class IV, U shaped cemented pin is used

CLASS V DESIGN � Pins are placed axially parallel to the adjacent proximal surface � Pin protrusion should be minimal � Deep retentive grooves are placed � Pins should be placed midway in the preparation but as close to gingival wall as possible

RESTORATIO N

COMPLICATIONS Drill breakage Pin breakage Loose pins Heat generation Dentinal cracks Perforation into pulpal space or external tooth surface

FAILURES

EFFECT OF PINS ON PULP Generally it responds positively and accepts its presence without any adverse effects Histologic evaluation reveals inflammatory response, necrotic tissue encapsulation, fibrous tissue regeneration and formation of pre dentin by odontoblasts Inflammatory reactions have been observed under all kinds of pins

CONCLUSION The prognosis of the involved tooth and its role in overall treatment plan helps to decide the restoration to be placed If amalgam is selected as the restorative material to be placed, pins placed in dentin improve the retention of the restoration Pins have been extensively used in the past to restore such badly broken

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Principles and practices of Operative Dentistry – Gerald T Charbeneau Text book of Operative Dentistry – Nisha Garg Text book of Operative Dentistry – Vimal K Sikri Operative Dentistry – Modern theory and practice – M A Marzouk Sturdevents’ Art and Science of Operative Dentistry Clinical Operative Dentistry Principles and

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