PIGEON DISSECTION WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A BIRD
PIGEON DISSECTION
WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A BIRD HAVE TO HELP IT FLY? EVERYTHING! EVERY body system in a bird is modified in some way to help it fly!
ARCHAEOPTERYX First bird Fossil image from: http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx. html Image from: http: //www 2. thny. bbc. co. uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx. htm
PIGEON LATIN meaning ANIMALIA KINGDOM _______ PHYLUM ______________ CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” SUBPHYLUM ______________ AVES Plural of “avis”= bird CLASS ________________ COLUMBIFORMES ORDER _______________
FEATHERS Image modified from: http: //www. biology. eku. edu/RITCHISO/554 notes 1. html
FEATHERS rachis Image from: http: //www. biology. eku. edu/RITCHISO/554 notes 1. html
PREEN GLAND Image from: http: //www. rit. edu/~vertzo/Pigeon. Pages/Home. html
EXTERNAL FEATURES Feathers Beaks Feet
BEAKS Image from: http: //www. antbits. co. uk/ant_pages/bio-02. html
MODIFICATIONS of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • THIN skin – light weight • Feathers provide lift & protect against heat loss • Preen gland keeps feathers in shape • Streamline body to decrease air/wind resistance
EXTERNAL NARES CERE NICTITATING MEMBRANE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE inside head SCALY SKIN on feet CLAWS
Kestral Image from: http: //www. biology. eku. edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain 2. html EYES BIG for size of head See in COLOR Eyes on front of facegives depth perception Seen in predators Eyes on sides of head. Gives wide range of vision Seen in prey
BROOD PATCH Image from: http: //www. ventanaws. org/images/bsol/Song. Sparrow. jpg
CLOACA & VENT
SKELETAL Hollow bones = light weight Image from: BIODIDAC
FUSED BONES = Sturdy FURCULA PYGOSTYLE STERNUM Image modified from: http: //www. biology. eku. edu/RITCHISO/554 notes 1. html
MODIFICATIONS of SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones = hollow/Air sacs extend into bones to make them less dense = fused to make them sturdy FURCULA – stabilizes shoulders during flight STERNUMattaches flight muscles PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail
MUSCULAR SYSTEM PECTORALIS & SUPRACOIDEUS make up 35% of total body weight
MODIFICATIONS of MUSCULAR SYSTEM HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE powers wings
CROP
CROP Stores & moistens food
HEART THYROID Heart = 1 ½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal
1 loop 2 chambers 2 loops 3 chambers 2 loops 4 chambers Fish amphibians & reptiles birds & mammals
4 CHAMBER HEART 2 LOOPS
Sinus venosus RIGHT LEFT Lungs Atrium Ventricle Body organs Conus arteriosus FROG & TURTLE CIRCULATION
BIRD CIRCULATION
MODIFICATIONS of CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart large for body size Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps Low/High oxygen blood totally separated Rapid heart rate- delivers more oxygen/faster
MODIFICATIONS of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISMprovides maximum energy for extended activity (flying) BURNING more GLUCOSE faster… is where the heat comes from!
LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside PANCREAS GIZZARD
GIZZARD Muscular Contains gravel/rocks to grind food
SMALL INTESTINE (Duodenum & Ileum) LARGE INTESTINE isn’t very large! EXITS through CLOACA
COLIC CAECA Pouches on LARGE intestine Contain bacteria to digest plants
MODIFICATIONS of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic metabolism for more energy for extended activity • CROP- stores next batch so food always moving through • 2 part stomach- so food moves through faster • COLIC CAECA- help break down plants • LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients • SHORT LARGE INTESTINEdon’t waste time absorbing water or storing waste… out of body as it is made.
TRACHEA BRONCHI SYRINX • Cartilage rings
LUNGS Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24%
AIR SACS STORE AIR No gas exchange ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the INHALE and on the EXHALE
OXYGEN on the EXHALE Animation from: http: //www. sk. lung. ca/content. cfm/birds
MODIFICATIONS of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM gets the most oxygen possible • Extra AIR SACS allow oxygen in lungs on both the INHALE AND EXHALE • Air sacs extending into bones makes skeleton less dense • Alveoli increase surface area for more gas exchange
KIDNEYS & URETERS
MODIFICATIONS of EXCRETORY SYSTEM Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACID- so needs less water No URINARY BLADDER- so urine (water) not stored… less weight
TESTES KIDNEYS URETERS CLOACA
OVARY / OVIDUCTS
TUBES IS TUBES? OVIDUCTS- carry eggs from ovary to cloaca VAS DEFERENS- carry sperm from testes to cloaca URETERS- carry urine from kidneys to cloaca
MODIFICATIONS of REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Female has only ONE OVARY & OVIDUCT on left side … less weight • OVIPARITY- lay eggs outside of body … less weight • Ovary enlarges during breeding season/shrinks rest of time… less weight
MODIFICATIONS of NERVOUS SYSTEM • Large brain for body size = “smarter” • Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors problem solving; learning; navigation; • Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination • Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3 D & Color • Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass
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