PIGEON DISSECTION Slide show by Kelly Riedell WHAT

PIGEON DISSECTION Slide show by Kelly Riedell

WHAT BODY PARTS DOES A BIRD HAVE TO HELP IT FLY? EVERYTHING! EVERY body system in a bird is modified in some way to help it fly!

ARCHAEOPTERYX First bird Fossil image from: http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/diapsids/birds/archaeopteryx. html Image from: http: //www 2. thny. bbc. co. uk/education/darwin/exfiles/archaeopteryx. htm

PIGEON KINGDOM _______ ANIMALIA LATIN meaning CHORDATA PHYLUM ______________ VERTEBRATA “backbone” SUBPHYLUM ______________ AVES Plural of “avis”= bird CLASS ________________ COLUMBIFORMES ORDER _______________

FEATHERS VANE RACHIS Image from: http: //www. biology. eku. edu/RITCHISO/554 notes 1. html

MODIFICATIONS of INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • Feathers- (light weight & sturdy) provide lift & prevent heat loss • Preen gland keeps feathers “fly-able” • Streamline body to decrease air/wind resistance

BEAKS Image from: http: //www. antbits. co. uk/ant_pages/bio-02. html

EXTERNAL NARES CERE NICTITATING MEMBRANE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE inside head SCALY SKIN on feet CLAWS

Kestral Image from: http: //www. biology. eku. edu/RITCHISO/birdbrain 2. html EYES BIG for size of head See in COLOR Eyes on front of facegives depth perception Seen in predators Eyes on sides of head. Gives wide range of vision Seen in prey

BROOD PATCH Skin-to-egg contact keeps growing babies WARM Males that sit on eggs have it, too Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005

CLOACA & VENT Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal© 2005

PREEN GLAND Images by Riedell/Vander. Wal© 2005 Oil makes feathers waterproof Preening straightens feathers and re-hooks barbules Image from: http: //www. rit. edu/~vertzo/Pigeon. Pages/Home. html

SKELETAL Hollow bones = light weight Image from: BIODIDAC

FUSED BONES = Sturdy FURCULA PYGOSTYLE STERNUM Image modified from: http: //www. biology. eku. edu/RITCHISO/554 notes 1. html

MODIFICATIONS of SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones = hollow/air sacs extend into bones to make them LESS DENSE = fused to make them STURDY FURCULA – stabilizes shoulders during flight STERNUMattaches flight muscles PYGOSTYLEsupport for tail

MUSCULAR SYSTEM PECTORALIS & SUPRACOIDEUS make up 35% of total body weight

MODIFICATIONS of MUSCULAR SYSTEM HUGE PECTORALIS MUSCLE provides power to move wings

CROP Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal© 2005 No digestion happens here Stores and moistens food waiting to be digested Allows food to move faster/next batch is waiting

CROP MILK http: //www. joanbramsch. com/images/feeding. jpg COLUMBIFORMES- crop makes nutritious fluid called CROP MILK for babies

REMOVE PECTORALIS MUSCLE Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005

Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005 WHAT CAN YOU SEE? HEART LIVER GALL BLADDER inside Rest of digestive system coiled underneath liver

Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005 HEART RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE COMPLETE SEPTUM Heart = 1½ to 2 times larger than in equal size mammal Heart rate much faster to move more blood

HOW FAST ? A human heart beats ~ 60 -90 times/min A resting hummingbird’s heart beats 250 times/min. Or 1200 beats per minute (BPM) when feeding. http: //www. deskpicture. com/DPs/Nature/Animals/hummingbird. jpg

HEART Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal© 2005 COMPLETE SEPTUM NOW 4 chambers 2 atria/2 ventricles

SINUS VENOSUS & CONUS ARTERIOSUS ARE GONE • Main vein returning from body = VENA CAVA Main vein from lungs = PULMONARY VEIN • Main artery to body = AORTA • Main artery to lungs = PULMONARY ARTERY http: //www. nhlbi. nih. gov/health/dci/Diseases/hhw_anatomy. html

1 loop 2 chambers 2 loops 3 chambers Fish amphibians & reptiles 2 loops 4 chambers birds & mammals

4 CHAMBER HEART 2 LOOPS

Sinus venosus RIGHT LEFT Lungs Atrium Ventricle Body organs Conus arteriosus FROG & TURTLE CIRCULATION

RIGHT Atrium Right Ventricle Lungs Body organs LEFT Atrium Left Ventricle BIRD & MAMMAL CIRCULATION 4 chambers/2 loops

BIRD CIRCULATION

MODIFICATIONS of CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart large for body size-pumps more blood Closed 2 loop system- most efficient/faster Complete septum/4 chamber heart- keeps Low/High oxygen blood totally separated Rapid heart rate- delivers more oxygen/faster

MODIFICATIONS of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THYROID GLAND CONTROLS RAPID METABOLISM BURNING GLUCOSE faster makes body heat! (ENDOTHERMIC) ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISMprovides maximum energy for extended activity (flying)

LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside PANCREAS GIZZARD

LIVER with GALL BLADDER inside PANCREAS GIZZARD

STOMACH PROVENTRICULUS entry to gizzard add acid GIZZARD Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005 Muscular Contains gravel/rocks to grind food

DUODENUM (1 st section of small intestine) Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005 Receives bile from GALL BLADDER Receives trypsin from PANCREAS makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, & GLUCAGON

SPLEEN (circulatory) In mesentery Wrapped in digestive loops Near Gizzard Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal© 2005

SMALL INTESTINE (Duodenum & Ileum) REALLY, REALLY LONG SMALL INTESTINE Absorbs more nutrients Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005

COLIC CAECA Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005 Pouches at junction of small & large intestine Contain bacteria to digest plants (cellulose)

LARGE INTESTINE Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005 LARGE INTESTINE isn’t very large! Absorbs less water back from feces (Water is HEAVY!) EXITS through CLOACA

http: //www. harrybliss. com/store/images/eat_like_a_bird. jpg … to eat like a bird means to eat very little BUT… Birds EAT A LOT Most birds eat half their weight in food every day. That's like a 100 -pound person eating 50 pounds of food in a day. And some young birds eat more than their weight in food every day!

MODIFICATIONS of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM • Fast efficient digestive system fuels endothermic metabolism for more energy for extended activity • CROP- stores next batch so food always moving through • 2 part stomach (Crop/Gizzard)so food moves through faster • COLIC CAECA- help break down plants • LONG SMALL INTESTINE-absorbs lots of nutrients • SHORT LARGE INTESTINEAbsorbs less water / feces not stored… out of body as it is made so weigh less

TRACHEA BRONCHI Cartilage rings keep airway open Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal© 2005

SYRINX VOICE BOX Image by Riedell/Vander. Wal© 2005

LUNGS Images by Riedell/Vander. Wal © 2005 Remove 31% of oxygen ; Human lungs remove 24%

AIR SACS STORE AIR No gas exchange ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the INHALE and on the EXHALE

OXYGEN on the EXHALE Animation from: http: //www. sk. lung. ca/content. cfm/birds

MODIFICATIONS of RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • SUPER EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM gets the most oxygen possible • Extra AIR SACS allow oxygen in lungs on both the INHALE AND EXHALE • Air sacs extending into bones makes skeleton less dense • Alveoli increase surface area for more gas exchange

KIDNEYS & URETERS

MODIFICATIONS of EXCRETORY SYSTEM Excrete nitrogen waste as URIC ACID- so uses less water to dilute No URINARY BLADDER- so urine (water) not stored… less weight

TESTES KIDNEYS URETERS CLOACA

ONLY 1 OVARY makes eggs OVIDUCTS add albumen/shell

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION OVIPAROUS Lay amniotic eggs http: //people. eku. edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction. html http: //www. usgs. nau. edu/swwf/images/WIFL%20 nest%20 with%20 eggs%20 -%20 MD. jpg

DIRECT DEVELOPMENT 2 KINDS OF BABIES ALTRICIAL = HELPLESS hatch without feathers, eyes closed, can’t walk, parents must feed every 20 min Ex: songbirds, pigeons, raptors http: //www. kathyskritters. com/tales/robins/images/baby_robins_5 -13. jpg

DIRECT DEVELOPMENT 2 KINDS OF BABIES PRECOCIAL – MORE INDEPENDENT hatch with fuzzy down, can follow parent and feed itself soon after hatching EX: Ducks and geese Necessary for birds that lay eggs on ground http: //cowpi. com/journal/2004/06/the_dangers_of_leadership. html

MODIFICATIONS of REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • Female has only ONE OVARY & OVIDUCT on left side … less weight • OVIPARITY- lay eggs OUTSIDE of body … less weight • REPRODUCTIVE ORGANSenlarge during breeding season/shrink rest of time… less weight

TUBES IS TUBES? OVIDUCTS- carry eggs from ovary to cloaca VAS DEFERENScarry sperm from testes to cloaca URETERS- carry urine from kidneys to cloaca

http: //www. wtamu. edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/brain. jpg

MODIFICATIONS of NERVOUS SYSTEM • Large brain for body size = “smarter” • Bigger CEREBRUM for more complex behaviors problem solving; learning; navigation; • Bigger CEREBELLUM- for muscle coordination • Bigger OPTIC LOBES for better vision; 3 D & Color • Concentration of iron in brain to act as compass