Pierre AUGER Observatory For Pierre Auger collaboration Jan
Pierre AUGER Observatory For Pierre Auger collaboration Jan Ridky Institute of Physics AS CR ridky@fzu. cz Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07
Mission of Pierre Auger Observatory: astro-particle physics • • • spectrum sources anisotropy acceleration composition …… Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 • • • spectrum & MC interactions X-sections (p-Air ) acceleration neutrinos …. J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 2
32 orders of magnitude! Energy spectrum (a one-century quest!) 1 part/m 2/s knee: 1 part/m 2/year Limit for satellites Is there any end? ankle : 1 part/km 2/century! What kind of end if any? 12 orders of magnitude! Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 3
Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 4
The Auger Collaboration 15+2 Countries Argentina Australia Bolivia(*) Brazil Czech Republic France Germany Italy Mexico Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 60+ Institutions 350+ Scientists Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovenia Spain United Kingdom USA Vietnam(*) Associate countries J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 5
Pierre Auger Observatory Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 1 600 detectors 3 000 km 2 area 1. 5 km spacing 6
Pierre Auger Observatory Hybrid detector combined virtues of surface detector and fluorescence detector 2 independent measurements • cross-calibration • energy and directions • composition Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 7
4 stations with 24 fluorescence telescopes - each station 180° field of view LOMA AMARILLA CLF Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 8
Pierre Auger observatory - FD Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 9
Pierre Auger observatory - FD FD = fluorescence detector mirror: R = 3440 mm area: 3, 6 x 3, 6 m 2 Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 10
Observatoř Pierra Augera --SD Pierre Auger observatory SD Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 11
GPS antenna communication antenna electronics enclosure solar panels battery box white diffusion liner 3 – nine inch photomultiplier tubes Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 plastic tank with 12 tons of water … 12 m 3 12
1285 tanks deployed … as of February 23/07 1256 with water 1600 tanks in total …beginning of 2008 1155 with electronics Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 13
Auger today exposition ~ 5000 km 2 y sr in total ~ 5· 105 events 104 above 3· 1018 e. V – fully efficient SD (combined FD + SD …. energy ~ > 3· 1017 e. V) photon limit GC anisotropy Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 14
Energy reconstruction (zenith < 60 deg) “MC free” as much as possible SD measurement calibrated by FD energy …SD measures S(1000) = signal 1000 m from center - choice of “ 1000” based on MC. . LDF is measured ! ! …FD – calorimetric measurement of energy - invisible energy estimated by MC Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 15
Energy. . reconstruction energy reconstruction – S(1000) defined as LDF value 1000 m from impact of shower axis. . why 1000 ? p Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 Fe J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 16
signal unit ~ 1 VEM vertical equivalent muon Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 17
Energy. . reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to signal fluctuation Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 18
Energy. . reconstruction S(1000) of p and S(1000) of Fe …fluctuations Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 19
FD versus SD Constant Intensity Cut attenuation S(1000) -> S 38(1000) M. Roth, M. Unger, … Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 20
Pierre Auger observatory - FD FD can see up to 25 - 30 km laser calibration, atmosphere monitoring, . . . stereo events Čerenkov subtraction Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 21
FD …. . fluorescence yield experiment AIRFLY. . . Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 22
Atmospheric monitoring X – differences to US-Std. in III/05 Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 23
Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 24
Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 25
reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction check of MC Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 26
Events Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 27
Events Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 28
Tank signal (VEM) Wed Mar 3 15: 09 2004 Easting = 477567 ± 21 m Northing = 6084561 ± 25 m dt = 92. 0 ns Theta = 63. 5 ± 0. 1 deg Phi = 72. 1 ± 0. 1/sin(Theta) deg R = 24. 2 ± 0. 8 km Core distance (m) S(1000) = 86. 46 ± 2. 69 VEM E = 59. 44 Ee. V ± 3% (stat. error only) PRELIMINARY Lateral Distribution Function Fit Surface Array view Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 29
PRELIMINARY analysis shows zenith angle 64º, energy 59 Ee. V Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 30
reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction check of MC not enough muons !!! Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 31
Muons. . . direct – from heavy flavours indirect – mainly from , K decays Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6 -12 Sept. Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 2004
Typical high multiplicity event RUN 107634, EVT 4731 Lake. Ridky, Tahoe, ISVHECRI, 27. 2. 2007 Pylos, Greece, 6 -12 Sept. J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 Jan
Events. . even more inclined one Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 34
Conclusions: • Auger – South close to completion (early 2008) • the technical parameters of PAO will allow unprecedented measurements in terms of Ø statistics (area) Ø energy (size of SD) Ø pointing (FD angular resolution < 1 deg) Ø composition (good atmospheric monitoring) Ø precision (hybrid approach) • valuable contribution to HEP. . in synergy with LHC – MC tuning Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 35
supporting slides Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 36
3 PMTs XP 1805 d 1 Photonis read-out • last dynode – 1 FADC • anode – 1 FADC ~40 1 MHz ÷ 15 bits dynamic 10 range (5 bits overlap) 00 pa rti cle s/ most frequent signals are those of atmospheric μs muons. . . they are used for monitoring and calibration Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 37
Trigger T 3. . . events timing of signals (to beat accidentals) Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 38
Trigger T 3. . . events timing of signals (to beat accidentals) Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 39
Trigger T 3. . . events ~ 0. 02 Hz T 3 triggers • 3 To. T. . efficient trigger ~ 90% selected events mostly ‘vertical’ showers • 4 -fold coincidence of tanks within 6 km essential for horizontal showers, more noisy Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 40
Trigger T 3. . . events - 3 To. T Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 - 4 C 1 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 41
Triggering events trigger probability of a single tank - measured by a pair of close tanks Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 42
Triggering events - Threshold or To. T - Threshold only 1018 e. V 1020 e. V Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 43
Triggering events T 3 0 : 30 : 98% for 1 : 3 : 10 Ee. V zenith angle < 45° LTP and LDF deduced from experiment by means of close tanks NKG formula Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 44
Events Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 45
Events Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 46
Events Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 47
Events. . reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to core location Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 48
Events. . reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to missing tank Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 49
Events. . reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to: • statistical uncertainties at S(1000) ~ 30 VEM this corresponds to ~ 5· 1018 e. V are ~ 10% • due to LDF form < 4% • due to shower fluctuations ≤ 10% • event sampling (missing tank ≤ 10%) at ~ 3· 1018 e. V the surface array fully efficient -trigger efficiency, pressure & temperature dependence Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 50
1. 5 km Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 51
Pierre Auger observatory - FD fail-safe curtain diaphragm filter 300 - 400 nm mirror camera - 20 x 22 photomultipliers 2, 6” Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 52
Saturated event … we have 6 such cases Lake. Ridky, Tahoe, ISVHECRI, 27. 2. 2007 Pylos, Greece, 6 -12 Sept. J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 Jan
Photon limit Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 54
Photon limit Lake Tahoe, 27. 2. 2007 J. Ridky, C 2 CR 07 55
- Slides: 55