PIA 2528 Local Government Governance and Civil Society

PIA 2528 Local Government, Governance and Civil Society

Local Governance: A Cultural Perspective A Palolem local government meeting in East India

Governance, an Overview of Issues n Basic Terms: The Environment of Development (Review) n Governance n n Local Government n n Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures Civil Society n Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs or for profit sector)

Institutional Legacy. Discussion: Samuel P. Huntington(1927 -2008) Culture Matters?

The Institutions Debate: Huntington’s Regions Culture vs. Rationality

Institutional Legacy The cultural organization contrasts the contemporary world with the classical notion of sovereign states. To understand current and future conflict, cultural rifts must be understood, and culture — rather than the State — must be accepted as the locus of war.

Gender Representation: Government of New Zealand

The Nature of Local Government n Part of the Institutional State n Based on Devolution of Authority n Culture defines Participation n Links Governance to Civil Society

Indonesia

Forms of Local Government n n n Concept: Transfer of authority to a lower level of government Role of intermediate Government (s) Primary Unit of Government: Lowest level that carries a bureaucracy with it

Commonwealth Provincial Governance

Functions of Urban Local Governance: A South African View

Historical Legacy n n Imperial and Colonial Impact: The Dilemma of the Local State The Best Predictor of Institutions Try to Diagram the colonial structure for your part of the world and be prepared to discuss next week. Issue: Land Based vs. Sea Based Empires

Imperial Germany (Russia, Austria, Turkey)

The Imperial Model

French Colonial System French National Assembly (Nominal African Reps) Ministry of Overseas Affairs Governor-General (West Africa-Dakar) Governor (Guinea. Conakry) Commandant District Chief Sub-Chief

The French Empire and Culture: North America, Caribbean, Africa and Asia

British Colonial System Parliament (No Rep. ) Secretary of State for Colonies (Dominions) or India Governor / High Commissioner* Regional / Divisional Commissioner District Officer Chief Sub-Chief Headman Tribal Secretary and Clerks Tribal Treasury Tribal Court Tribal Police Tribal Council * Governor-General / High Commissioner with Resident Commissioners in Bechuanaland, Basutoland Swaziland under Dominions Office

The British Image

Reformed British Administration Prime Minister (UK) Parliament Colonial Office London Dar es Salaam EXECO LEGCO Governor / Governor Secretary Secretariat Para-Chief WORKS EDUC AGRIC Provincial Commissioner PEO Kilimanjaro Province District Commissioner DEO Moshi Sub-Chief Headmen MED SAA MOJA Village

Traditional Administration & Governance Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule National Systems Paramount Chief (King) Advisors (Native Councils) Sub-Chiefs Village Meeting Place Headmen Judicial System

The Dilemma of Traditional Local Governance

Traditional Administration & Governance Traditional Systems & Parallel Rule Imperial Systems Chief King’s Representative Inner Council Outer Council Meeting Place Judicial System Sub-Chief King’s Representative

Traditional Administration & Governance Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule Assimilation: replacement of traditional authorities by soldiers • Chief as government official • Façade of Direct Rule • Grassroots similarity Indirect Rule and “Tribal Administration” • Legal / Rational Model • Modification of Tradition • Training of tribal administrator • Inherited vs. Age Grade Systems • Nature of traditional Civil Society

Mini-Discussion How Does One Create Local Government Out of this?

Historical Legacy 1. 2. 3. General Patterns: Linked to Cultural Sub-Nationalism Unique Cultural Patterns: Differ from Region to Region (eg. Middle East: Religious Parallel Governance Organizations What are the Universals of Local Governance

Coffee Break n Fifteen Minutes

The Nature of the Municipality n The Primary Unit of Government n n n Anglo-American- Town separate from country (County) Continental Europe- Integration of Town and County One of these two patterns exported overseas

Danish Local Government n n 1. Amtman- Danish Prefect (Royal, Simbolic) 2. Amt- Provinces- Higher Services (Hospitals, Higher Schools and Colleges 3. Commune- Urban and Rural smaller services- Primary Education, Markets 4. Provincial and Local Government Associations (System Support)

Accountability in New Zealand

What Local Government Does. Basic Services n n n n Primary Roads Water Waste Removal Primary Education Basic Health Basic Energy Supplies Markets Parking

Lord Mayor’s Tradition

U. K. System

Models of Local Government 1. 2. 3. Strong Mayor Strong Council- Executive Committee with Chair and Department Heads City Manager (Town Clerk) System with appointed departments

City Manager System

Services Depend Upon 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fiscal/budget allocation- taxes, user fees and transfers Planning- strategic priorities Managing- implementation Personnel- Access to skilled professionals (Power to Hire and Fire) Community Trust Social Cohesion

“Rainbow Nation”- 1

“Rainbow Nation-” 2

Review: Distinctions: n Local state vs. Local Government n Functional vs. Territorial Control n Devolution- Urban vs. Rural n Subsidiarityn higher units should not do what can be done by lower units

Myth of the Panchayat?

Has local Government Failed? n Implementation and Administrative Problems n n Skills Shortages Absence of Revenue The Need for Institutional Training International Donors and the Training Agenda

Implementation: Rube Goldberg

Has local Government Failed? n n Failure to make a Needs Assessment Bridging Training vs. the Synthetic Mode of Thought Local Government- Urban vs. Rural Needs Functions as Local State

Local Government and Development? n n How Developmental Is Local Government? We Need Assess Local Government Comparatively in light of Case Histories Readings.

Decentralization Issues 1. Democracy and decentralization 2. Critiques of indirect Democracy 3. Decentralization and NGOs (Are NGOs dangerous? ) 4. Decentralization and ethnic and regional conflict- the dangers of decentralization

Decentralization and Foreign Aid

Decentralization Issues 5. The dichotomy: Communal/municipal models vs. urban/rural governance: towns and counties. Problem of urban bias 6. Decentralization as a failure-Issues: n a. financial limitations n b. local government staff: "bush postings. “ n c. community distrust

Specialized Developmental Functions n Planning and Land Use Patterns n Issues- Ownership and distribution. n Land- its use and access to water. At the core of grass roots development in the rural areas

Regional Planning for agriculture, forestry, recreation , land use, waterfowl, ungulates and sport fish capability (Canada)

Books of the Week The Comedians by Graham Greene (top) Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe (bottom)

Geographical Patterns: The Institutional Legacy (Readings) n n n Break into Regional Groups for Fifteen Minutes Identify FOUR regional patterns of Institutionalized Governance, Local Governance and Civil Society Identify the (reading) source of pattern

Summary Discussion n What if anything have we learned about Governance, Local Government and Civil Society?