PHYTOREMEDIATION Mujahid Hussain 12 M Phil Botany Department

PHYTOREMEDIATION Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 1

What is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation from Ancient Greek (phyto), meaning "plant", and Latin Remedium, meaning "restoring balance" Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 2

The process of removing contamination from soil or water using potential plants. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 3

Technology that use plants to clean up contaminated sites including contaminated water or soil Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 4

Phytoremediation Diagram Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 5

History Basically Phytoremediation technique was first introduced in 1983 but the concept was actually implemented since last 300 years Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 6

Applications Phytoremediation may be applied to contaminated soil and contaminated water Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 7

Phytoremediation can be performed following different methods: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PHYTOEXTRACTION PHYTOSTABILIZATION PHYTOVOLATILIZATION PHYTOTRANSFORMATION PHYTOSTIMULATION RHIZOFILTERATION Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 8

Process dependence These processes totally rely on the ability of plants to take up, accumulate or metabolize to less toxic substances. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 9

The plant potential to uptake, accumulate and degradation of contaminants vary from plant to plant. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 10

Selection of plants The plants which are used in phytoremediation are generally selected on the basis their growth rate and biomass, their ability to accumulate and tolerate contaminants, the depth of their root zone, and their potential to transpire ground water Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 11

The plants used in phytoremediation should be able to degrade, accumulate or volatilize the contaminants, and grow rapidly in wide range of different conditions Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 12

Advantages This technology has many advantages, beneficial in that way because it is inexpensive, natural, conserves soil resources and has no secondary contaminations and enhances the soil quality and productivity Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 13

Other methods Ion exchange chemical precipitation reverse osmosis Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 14

Other methods These are the most helpful methods that have being using to remove lead and cadmium (metal) and other contaminations from wastewater. But these methods are very expensive and also they produce a large amount of sludge requiring special disposal, also decrease the fertility of soil leading to infertile soil Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 15

PHYTOEXTRACTION Phytoextraction: Uptake and concentration of pollutants from the environment into the plant biomass. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 16

Phytoextraction Work well on metals (heavy metals) such as lead, cadmium, copper, nikel Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 17

source of these metals are industrial waste, mining operation, smelting, combustion sources and solid waste incinerators are the primary sources. Other sources include paint, batteries, metal plating, automobiles exhausts, lead piping and fertilizers pesticides Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 18

Phytoextraction for example lead and cadmium is soluble in water and the excessive amount of lead and cadmium in water cause many physiological and biochemical stress symptoms in plants Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 19

Phytoextraction symptoms include such as growth reduction, disturbed mineral nutrition, water imbalance. Like any other metal When they enter into the cell they produce an oxidative stress in plant and lead to cell damage Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 20

Phytoextraction Heavy metals also have serious effects on human health cause many problems to human like are carcinogenic increase the risk of cancer including liver cancer, skin cancer, pulmonary damage Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 21

Phytoextraction lungs cancer, bladder, kidney, colon, nasal, paranasal sinuses itai-itai disease, skeletal damage, also effect metabolism, mental and intelligence problems, Anaemia, pink disease, Neurasthenia, Diarrhea, high blood pressure, nervous system disorders, vomiting, fever, Multi-organ effect and also cause lead to death Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 22

Phytoextraction Plants used for treatment are as follows Water lettuce Sunflower Indian mustard Mostly these plants are used for treatment Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 23

But also some other plant as well used Pteris vittata, Triticum aestivum, Brassica campestris, Brassica juncea Brassica Rapa Brassica napus, Salix sp. , Populus sp. , Sanvitalia procumbens Sorghum Sudanese Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 24

Specificity For Arsenic, lead using the Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) or the Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata) a hyperaccumulator. Chinese Brake fern stores arsenic, lead in its leaves. Salt-tolerant (moderately halophytic) barley and/or sugar beets are commonly used for the extraction of sodium chloride (common salt) to reclaim fields that were previously flooded by sea water. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 25

PHYTOVOLATILIZATION Phytovolatilization: Removal of substances from soil or water with release into the air. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 26

Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 27

Plants used Liriodendron tulipifera Arabidopsis thaliana Stanleya pinnata Astragalus bisulucatus Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 28

Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 29

Phytostimulation — This process is also known as rhizosphere degradation. Enhancement of soil microbial activity for the degradation of contaminants, typically by organisms that associate with roots. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 30

Phytostimulation Organisms involve may be bacteria or mycorrhizal fungi Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 31

RHIZOFILTRATION Rhizofiltration: Filtering water through a mass of roots to remove toxic substances or excess nutrients. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 32

Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 33

Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 34

Plants used Helianthus Annus Euchronia crassipes chloridemia sp. cladophore Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 35

PHYTOSTABILIZATION Reduction of mobility of contaminants in environment Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 36

PHYTOSTABILIZATION Stabilize the contaminants Prevent mechanical transportation of chemicals Trees transpire large quantities of water (even some more than 15 gal/day) So pumping action prevents contaminants from migration into the water table Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 37

How stabilization occur Phytostabilization focuses on the long term stabilization For example, the plant's presence can reduce wind erosion; or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, In this way immobilize the pollutants by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the pollutant can precipitate and stabilize. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 38

Unlike phytoextraction, phytostabilization focuses mainly on sequestering (attached) pollutants in soil near the roots but not in plant tissues. Pollutants become less bioavailable, and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 39

Plant used Mostly tree species are used Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 40

Phytotransformation Chemical modification of the environmental substances (contaminants) takes place by plant. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 41

Phytotransformation In the case of organic pollutants, such as pesticides, explosives, solvents, industrial chemicals, and other toxic substances are taken up by plants and transformed into less toxic or non-toxic form when plant metabolize them. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 42

Phytotransformation certain plants are used, such as Cannas, convert these substances (contaminants) into non-toxic substances by their metabolism. In other cases, microorganisms living in association with plant roots may metabolize these substances in soil or water. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 43

These complex compounds cannot be broken down to basic molecules (water, carbon-dioxide, etc. ) by plants hence, the term phytotransformation represents a change in chemical structure (less toxic) without complete breakdown of the compound. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 44

Phase I metabolism "Green Liver" is used to describe phytotransformation, as plants behave analogously to the human liver when dealing with these xenobiotic compounds (foreign compound/pollutant). After uptake of the xenobiotics, plant enzymes increase the polarity of the xenobiotics by adding functional groups such as hydroxyl groups (-OH). Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 45

Phase II metabolism In the second stage of phytotransformation, known as Phase II metabolism, plant biomolecules such as glucose and amino acids are added to the polarized xenobiotic to further increase the polarity (known as conjugation). Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 46

Phase III metabolism In the final stage of phytotransformation (Phase III metabolism), a sequestration (segregation) of the xenobiotic occurs within the plant. The xenobiotics polymerize in a lignin-like manner and develop a complex structure that is sequestered in the plant. This ensures that the xenobiotic is safely stored, and does not affect the functioning of the plant. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 47

Benefits we take from this technique Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 48

Typical Species for Heavy Metal Removal Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes ) Fool's Watercress (Apium nodiflorum) Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Duckweed (Lemna trisulca L. ) Department of Botany, Unversity of 1/24/2017 Sargodha, Pakistan 49

Chinese brake fern and Japanese painted fern 1/24/2017 Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 50

Duckweed 1/24/2017 Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 51

Trees for Phytoremediation 1/24/2017 Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 52

Plant Classification � Ornamental Plants � Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) � Common hollyhock (Althaea rosea) � Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata ) Aquatic Plants � Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes ) � Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) � Fool's Watercress (Apium nodiflorum) � Duckweed (Lemna trisulca L. ) Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 53

Pot Marigold and Common Hollyhock Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 54

Features of Ornamental Phytoremediation Beauty Cleaning Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 55

Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 56

Advantages Natural. Lo cost Environmentally friendly Increase soil fertility Increase productivity Increase growth and yield Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 57

Disadvantages May take several years to remediate Consumption of contaminated plant tissue is also a concern (may enter into food chain Possible effect on the food chain. Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 58

Conclusion So overall we have to understand their (mean contaminants especially heavy metals) toxic effects on living lives, on all living organisms (including animals, humans and plants as well). Pakistan is an agricultural country and much of its economy based on agriculture By using potential plants, curing this problem we can increase yield and production in agriculture So in this way we can happy our farmers by overall increasing yield production and also in this way we can improve our economy and income And overall overcome economic losses Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 59

Thank you Mujahid Hussain (12) M. Phil Botany, Department of Botany, Unversity of Sargodha, Pakistan 1/24/201 7 60