Physics and International Collaborations YoungKee Kim The University
Physics and International Collaborations Young-Kee Kim The University of Chicago San Juan, Puerto Rico March 11, 2019
Co sm olo gy galaxy Research in Physics Co nd en se d. M att er Test Bio Ato DNA mi c Nu cle ar Pa cell rtic atom le telescope nucleus human eyes optical microscope up quark down quark electron microscope accelerator
Lego World What is the Lego World made of? Building blocks of the Lego World? Lego blocks
What about the Real World? What is the world made of? building blocks of the world? smallest things in the world? What holds them together?
Atoms Democritus Greek philosopher 460 BC – 370 BC The universe is composed of the atoms and the void
Democritus’s atom (400 BC) Indivisible and solid Atoms were “then” building blocks of the world
We are made of atoms Are atoms building blocks of the world? To answer this, we have to peel an atom like we peel an anion layer by layer discovering what’s at its core.
Atoms J. J. Thomson (1856 – 1940) Nobel Prize (1906) 1897 Atoms have tiny, negatively charged particles (electrons) inside them Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937) Nobel Prize (1908) Every atom contains a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass are concentrated.
Atoms electron orbits nucleus = small nut size = 0. 0001 x atom, mass = atom mass Building blocks (1909): atoms “the fly in the cathedral” nuclei and electrons
Inner Space and Outer Space mostly empty space electron orbits nucleus = small nut size = 0. 0001 x atom, mass = atom mass our solar system Inner Space Outer Space
Peeling a nucleus Nucleus . . . U s
Peeling a nucleus Nucleus Us Discovery of Uthe neutron Nucleus s (1932) Building blocks (1932): protons, neutrons, and electrons
Peeling a nucleus Maria Goeppert Mayer (1906 – 1972) Nobel prize (1963) “The Onion Madonna” “Protons and neutrons spin along orbits like several shells, much like an onion with many shells”
Peeling a proton and a neutron Seeing inside a proton and a neutron Nucleus u Nucleuss U s
Sun light eyes, cameras
Sun light source light ray eyes, cameras
Seeing the “small” invisible by an electron microscope electron sources electron beam electron detector electron beam specimen electron-beam electron detectors Breast Cancer Cell
Peeling a proton and a neutron high energy particles sources high energy particle beam Nucl eus u Nucleuss particle detectors U s
Today’s Accelerators for Particle Physics Research CERN Fermilab KEK
Today’s Accelerators for Particle Physics Research CERN Fermilab KEK
college Seoul high school Tokyo hometown (apple farm) apple farm
Today’s Accelerators for Particle Physics Research 1986 CERN Fermilab KEK
TRISTAN e+e- (Japan) circumference = 3 km M yj ou rn ey (h ig he re _ Tevatron pp (U. S. ) circumference = 6 km ne LHC pp (Switzerland) circumference = 27 km rg ya cc ele r at or s)
AMY Experiment: 60 physicists from 4 countries M yj ou CDF Experiment: 300 700 physicists from 20 countries rn ey ( mo re p ow ATLAS Experiment: ~3, 000 physicists from 40 countries er fu ld et ec to rs)
Today’s building blocks up quarks, down quarks, electrons
Building blocks atom nucleus electron electromagnetic forces nucleus ~400 BC ~ 1910 proton, neutron electron up, down quarks electron weak forces & strong forces n n p p ~1930 Today
Accomplishment of the 19 th Century Accomplishment of the 20 th Century Periodic Table of Elements Table of Elementary Particles Standard Model
Big Surprises
e l c i t ar p i t n a E le c i t r pa E = Mc 2
Exotic particles last seen in the earliest moments of the universe e l c i t ar p i t n a M le c i t r pa E = Mc 2
History of the Universe M Higher energy Accelerators
Accomplishment of the 19 th Century Accomplishment of the 20 th Century Periodic Table of Elements Table of Elementary Particles
……………. and the mysteries WHY ? • • • WHAT ? • dark matter • dark energy mass 6 quarks 3 families forces anti-matter neutrinos
……………. and the mysteries Visible Universe Invisible Universe (Dark Universe)
“The more you know, the more you know you don't know. ” Aristotle (Greek philosopher and scientist, 384 – 322 BC) Peeling continues to search for a more complete and elegant theory
History of the Universe Searching for an elegant and complete theory Ele ga nt T he or y peeling inward peeling backward in time
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