Physics 2102 Jonathan Dowling James Clerk Maxwell 1831
- Slides: 29
Physics 2102 Jonathan Dowling James Clerk Maxwell (1831 -1879) Lecture 22: TUE 13 APR 2010 Ch. 32. 1– 5: Maxwell’s equations Ch. 33. 1– 3: Electromagnetic Waves
EXAM 03: 6 PM THU 15 APR LOCKETT 6 The exam will cover: Ch. 28 (second half) through Ch. 32. 1 -3 (displacement current, and Maxwell's equations). The exam will be based on: HW 07 – HW 10. The formula sheet for the exam can be found here: http: //www. phys. lsu. edu/classes/spring 2010/phys 2102/formulasheet 3. pdf You can see examples of old exam IIIs here: http: //www. phys. lsu. edu/classes/spring 2009/phys 2102/Test 3. oldtests. pdf
Maxwell I: Gauss’ Law for E-Fields: charges produce electric fields, field lines start and end in charges S S
Maxwell II: Gauss’ law for B-Fields: field lines are closed or, there are no magnetic monopoles S S S
Maxwell III: Ampere’s law: electric currents produce magnetic fields C
Maxwell IV: Faraday’s law: changing magnetic fields produce (“induce”) electric fields
Maxwell Equations I – IV:
In Empty Space with No Charge or Current q=0 ? i=0 …very suspicious… NO SYMMETRY!
Maxwell’s Displacement Current B E B If we are charging a capacitor, there is a current left and right of the capacitor. Thus, there is the same magnetic field right and left of the capacitor, with circular lines around the wires. But no magnetic field inside the capacitor? The missing Maxwell Equation! With a compass, we can verify there is indeed a magnetic field, equal to the field elsewhere. But there is no current producing it! ?
E id=e 0 d. F/dt Maxwell’s Fix We calculate the magnetic field produced by the currents at left and at right using Ampere’s law : We can write the current as: q=CV C=e 0 A/d V=Ed FE= E • d. A=EA
Displacement Current Maxwell proposed it based on symmetry and math — no experiment! B B! B i i E
Maxwell’s Equations I – V: I II V III IV
Maxwell Equations in Empty Space: Fields without sources? Changing E gives B. Changing B gives E.
Maxwell, Waves, and Light A solution to the Maxwell equations in empty space is a “traveling wave”… electric and magnetic fields can travel in EMPTY SPACE! The electric-magnetic waves travel at the speed of light? Light itself is a wave of electricity and magnetism!
Electromagnetic waves First person to prove that electromagnetic waves existed: Heinrich Hertz (1875 -1894) First person to use electromagnetic waves for communications: Guglielmo Marconi (1874 -1937), 1909 Nobel Prize (first transatlantic commercial wireless service, Nova Scotia, 1909)
Electromagnetic Waves: One Velocity, Many Wavelengths! with frequencies measured in “Hertz” (cycles per second) and wavelength in meters. http: //imagers. gsfc. nasa. gov/ems/ http: //www. astro. uiuc. edu/~kaler/sow/spectra. html
How do E&M Waves Travel? Is there an “ether” they ride on? Michelson and Morley looked and looked, and decided it wasn’t there. How do waves travel? ? ? Electricity and magnetism are “relative”: Whether charges move or not depends on which frame we use… This was how Einstein began thinking about his “theory of special relativity”… We’ll leave that theory for later.
Electromagnetic Waves A solution to Maxwell’s equations in free space: Visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, X rays, Gamma rays are all electromagnetic waves.
Radio waves are reflected by the layer of the Earth’s atmosphere called the ionosphere. This allows for transmission between two points which are far from each other on the globe, despite the curvature of the earth. Marconi’s experiment discovered the ionosphere! Experts thought he was crazy and this would never work.
Maxwell’s Rainbow The wavelength/frequency range in which electromagnetic (EM) waves (light) are visible is only a tiny fraction of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Fig. 33 -2 Fig. 33 -1 (33 -2)
The Traveling Electromagnetic (EM) Wave, Qualitatively An LC oscillator causes currents to flow sinusoidally, which in turn produces oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which then propagate through space as EM waves. Next slide Fig. 33 -3 Oscillation Frequency: (33 -3)
Mathematical Description of Traveling EM Waves Electric Field: Wave Speed: Magnetic Field: All EM waves travel a c in vacuum Wavenumber: EM Wave Simulation Angular frequency: Vacuum Permittivity: Vacuum Permeability: Fig. 33 -5 Amplitude Ratio: Magnitude Ratio: (33 -5)
The Poynting Vector: Points in Direction of Power Flow Electromagnetic waves are able to transport energy from transmitter to receiver (example: from the Sun to our skin). The power transported by the wave and its direction is quantified by the Poynting vector. John Henry Poynting (1852 -1914) For a wave, since E is perpendicular to B: In a wave, the fields change with time. Therefore the Poynting vector changes too!! Units: Watt/m 2 E S B The direction is constant, but the magnitude changes from 0 to a maximum value.
EM Wave Intensity, Energy Density A better measure of the amount of energy in an EM wave is obtained by averaging the Poynting vector over one wave cycle. The resulting quantity is called intensity. Units are also Watts/m 2. The average of sin 2 over one cycle is ½: or, Both fields have the same energy density. The total EM energy density is then
Solar Energy The light from the sun has an intensity of about 1 k. W/m 2. What would be the total power incident on a roof of dimensions 8 m x 20 m ? I = 1 k. W/m 2 is power per unit area. P=IA=(103 W/m 2) x 8 m x 20 m=0. 16 Mega. Watt!! The solar panel shown (BP 275) has dimensions 47 in x 29 in. The incident power is then 880 W. The actual solar panel delivers 75 W (4. 45 A at 17 V): less than 10% efficiency…. The electric meter on a solar home runs backwards — Entergy Pays YOU!
EM Spherical Waves The intensity of a wave is power per unit area. If one has a source that emits isotropically (equally in all directions) the power emitted by the source pierces a larger and larger sphere as the wave travels outwards: 1/r 2 Law! So the power per unit area decreases as the inverse of distance squared.
Example A radio station transmits a 10 k. W signal at a frequency of 100 MHz. At a distance of 1 km from the antenna, find the amplitude of the electric and magnetic field strengths, and the energy incident normally on a square plate of side 10 cm in 5 minutes. Received energy:
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