Physical Layer Ryo Nakamura Abstract OSI reference model
Physical Layer Ryo Nakamura 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Abstract ・ OSI reference model ・ Encoding ・ Protocol - Protocol for Ethernet 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
・ Cable - Metal cable ・ Coaxial cable ・ Twisted pair cable - Optical fiber - Wireless Communication ・Radio ・Free Space Optics (FSO) ・ Device 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
OSI reference model ・ In 1977, work on a layered model of network architecture, which was to become the OSI model, started in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) working group on Distributed Systems (DISY). With the DISY work and worldwide input, the International Organization for Standardization(ISO) began to develop its OSI networking suite. ・ OSI has two major components: an abstract model of networking (the Basic Reference Model, or seven-layer model) and a set of concrete protocols. [Wikipedia] 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
OSI reference model Layer 7 Application Layer 6 Presentation Network process to application Data representation and encryption offer service Layer 5 Session Layer 4 Transport Layer 3 Network Layer 2 Data Link Layer 1 Physical Signaling End-to-end connections and reliability Path determination and logical addressing offer communication Physical addressing Media, signal and binary transmission 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
OSI Upper Layer ・ Application Layer ・ Session Layer When to start Application Signaling ・ Presentation Layer DATA Format 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
OSI Lower Layer ・ Transport Layer ・ Data Link Layer 0101 Reliability Data transmission at the node interval ・ Network Layer Routing ・ Physical Layer 0101 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) Physical connection
Function of Physical Layer ⇒ Conversion data into electrical signal Electrical Signal DATA Ethernet controller Buffer LAN adapter Ethernet controller : Encode data PHY (Physical) tip : D/A (Digital / Analog) conversion 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) PHY tip
⇒ Conversion electrical signal into data Electrical Signal Trance PHY tip MAC tip Buffer LAN adapter Trance : Insulate the inside and the outside of LAN adapter PHY tip : Judge a bit from electrical signal MAC tip : Take out MAC frame 作成: based Ethernet 中村 遼on (大学院 情報科学府) specifications from bit string
Encoding ・ NRZ ・ Manchester (Non-Return to Zero) 0 → Hi ⇒Low 1 → Low⇒Hi 0 → Low Level 1 → Hi Level ※ 10 BASE 5、2、-T ※ 1000 BASE-X ・ NRZI (Non-Return to Zero Inversion) 0 → No Change Level 1 → Change Level ・MLT-3 0 → No Change Level 1 → Change Level (Middle⇒Hi⇒Middle⇒Low⇒) ※ 100 BASE-TX、CDDI ※ FDDI, 100 BASE-FX 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Block Encoding ・ 4 B / 5 B (4 -bit / 5 -bit) Decimal / 4 -bit / 5 bit 0 / 0000 / 11110 2 / 0010 / 10100 4 / 0100 / 01010 6 / 0110 / 01110 8 / 1000 / 10010 A / 1010 / 10110 C / 1100 / 11010 E / 11100 1 / 0001 / 01001 3 / 0011 / 10101 5 / 01011 7 / 01111 9 / 10011 B / 10111 D / 11011 F / 1111 / 11101 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Protocol ・ RS-232 C (Recommended Standard 232 C) ・ ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ・ x. DSL (x Digital Subscriber Line) - ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) ・ IEEE 802. 11 (Wireless LAN) ・ SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) SONET (Synchronous Optical NETworking) ・ Protocol for Ethernet 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
RS-232 C ⇒ Connect a peripheral devices to a PC (Serial communication method) 9 Pin Serial Port 25 Pin Serial Port Pin No signal name IN/OUT contents 1 DCD IN Data Carrier Detect 2 Rx. D IN Receive Data 3 Tx. D OUT Transmit Data 4 DTR OUT Data Terminal Ready 5 GND - Ground 6 DSR IN Data Set Ready 7 RTS OUT 8 CTS IN Clear To Send 9 RI IN Ring Indicator 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) Request transmission
ISDN ⇒ The digital communications network that unified telephone, FAX and data communication INSNet 64 2 channels for communication 64 kbps(B channel) 1 channel for control 16 kbps(D channel) B channel INSNet 64 INSNet 1500 D channel speed 64 kbps*2 16 kbps*1 128 kbps 64 kbps*23 64 kbps*1 1. 5 Mbps 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
PC ISDN TA Phone DSU IP Phone DTE DCE TA (Terminal Adapter) : Convert Non-ISDN signal into ISDN signal DSU (Digital Service Unit) : Synchronization control & Signal conversion ※DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) : Data handling device 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) : Converting or Coding device
x. DSL ⇒ The general term of high-speed digital data communication technology with telephone wire Down speed Up speed SDSL (Symmetric DSL) 160 kbps~ 2. 0 Mbps ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) 1. 5 Mbps~ 50 Mbps 500 kbps~ 12 Mbps HDSL (High bit rate DSL) 1. 5 Mbps~ 2. 0 Mbps 13 Mbps~ 52 Mbps 1. 5 Mbps~ 2. 0 Mbps VDSL (Very high bit rate DSL) 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Digital ADSL Analog Phone Splitter PC modular jack Modem (MOdulator-DEMotulatot) : Convert Ethernet signal into ADSL signal Splitter : Divide Voice signal and Data signal 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
IEEE 802. 11 ⇒one of the wireless LAN related standards Decision time Frequency band Official speed IEEE 802. 11 1997 2. 4~ 2. 5 GHz 2 Mbps IEEE 802. 11 b October, 1999 2. 4~ 2. 5 GHz 11 Mbps / 22 Mbps IEEE 802. 11 a October, 1999 5. 15~ 5. 35 GHz 5. 47~ 5. 725 GHz (Max)54 Mbps IEEE 802. 11 g June, 2003 2. 4~ 2. 5 GHz 54 Mbps IEEE 802. 11 j -- 4. 9~ 5. 0 GHz 5. 03~ 5. 091 GHz 54 Mbps IEEE 802. 11 n -- 2. 4 GHz / 5 GHz 100 Mbps~ 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
SONET/SDH ⇒ Important The international standard of the high speed digital communication method with optical fiber SONET SDH OC-1 ‐ OC-3 STM-1 155. 52 Mbps OC-9 ‐ 466. 56 Mbps OC-12 STM-4 622. 08 Mbps OC-18 ‐ 933. 12 Mbps OC-24 ‐ 1244. 16 Mbps OC-36 ‐ 1, 866. 24 Mbps OC-48 STM-16 2, 488. 32 Mbps OC-192 STM-64 9, 953. 28 Mbps OC : Optical Carrier 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) Transmission speed 51. 84 Mbps
Protocol for Ethernet Transmission speed Maximum length Cable Encoding 10 BASE-5 10 Mbps 500 m Coaxial cable Manchester 10 BASE-2 10 Mbps 185 m Coaxial cable Manchester 10 BASE-T 10 Mbps 100 m Twisted pair cable Manchester 100 BASE-TX 100 Mbps 100 m Twisted pair cable 4 B/5 B + MLT-3 1000 BASE-T 1 Gbps 100 m Twisted pair cable 4 DPAM 5(8 BIQ 4) Optical fiber 4 B/5 B + NRZI Optical fiber 8 B/10 B + NRZ Multi mode: 412 m(half duplex) 100 BASE-FX 100 Mbps 2 km(full duplex) Single mode: 20 km(full duplex) 1000 BASE-SX 1000 BASE-LX 1 Gbps Multi mode: 550 m Single mode: 5 km 1000 BASE-ZX 1 Gbps 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) 100 km
Coaxial cable 1. Inner conductor 2. Insulator surrounding the Inner conductor 3. Metallic shield and outer conductor 4. Outer insulating jacket Characteristic ・ Few leaks of the electromagnetic wave to the outside. ・ Able to bend. ・ Able to transmit of a wide frequency range. ・ Structure is complicated, and price is high. 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
10 BASE 5 (Thick cable, yellow cable) Transceiver 2. 5 m~ Thick Coax 10 mm Transceiver Cable ~50 m N Connector N Terminator AUI connector NIC Terminator : prevent the reflection of the signal NIC : Network Interface Card 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
10 BASE 2 (Thin cable) Thin Coax NIC 5 mm BNC T Connector 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Twisted pair cable UTP (Unshielded twisted pair) TX+ TX- STP (Shielded twisted pair) Characteristic RX+ RX- TX : Transmit pair RX : Receive pair ・ Cheap and Easy to treat. ・ Wire freely. ・ Affected by the powerful electricity and electromagnetic wave. 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Category Maximum Frequency Transmission speed example Cat 1 ― 20 kbps telephone wire Cat 2 1 MHz 4 Mbps ISDN Cat 3 16 MHz 10 Mbps 10 BASE-T Cat 4 20 MHz 16 Mbps Token Ring, ATM Cat 5 100 MHz 100 Mbps 100 BASE-TX, ATM(OC-3), CDDI Cat 5 -e 100 MHz 1 Gbps 1000 BASE-T Cat 6 250 MHz 1. 2 Gbps 1000 BASE-TX Cat 6 -e 500 MHz 10 Gbps 10 GBASE-T Cat 6 -a (STP only) 500 MHz 10 Gbps 10 GBASE-T Cat 7(STP only) 600 MHz 10 Gbps 10 GBASE-T 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) e : enhanced a : augmented
Optical fiber Core : Light advances. Cladding : Light is reflected. Buffer : Relax shock. Jacket : Protect. 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Multi mode Single mode ・ Strong to bend. ・ Little transmission loss. ・ Easy to connect. ・ Made of quartz glass. ・ Cheap. ( Core: Ge, P , Cladding: B, F) ・ Made of plastic. (Cladding: fluorine-based 作成: polymer) 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Conversion between Electricity and Light Laser diode Photo diode 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) e. g. CATV
Wireless Communication ・ The wiring space is unnecessary. ・ Mobile communication is possible. ・ Able to build LAN immediately. ・ Able to communicate outdoors. 【Radio】 【FSO】 ・ Electric wave ・ Infrared ray (IR) or Visible spectrum ・ weak for obstacle ・ license is unnecessary ・ PC, remote controller ・ Ir. DA ⇒ UFIR ・ strong for obstacle (・ license is necessary) ・ mobile phone, PHS ・ Bluetooth (IEEE 802. 15. 1) 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Bluetooth ・ Use frequency band of 2. 4 GHz. ・ Transmission length is radius of 10~100 m. ・ Low power consumption ・ Low cost Version 1. x (1. 1, 1. 2) 2. x(2. 0, 2. 1)+EDR Symmetry type Asymmetry type Transmission speed down up 432. 6 kbps 723. 2 kbps 57. 6 kbps 1. 3069 Mbps 2. 1781 Mbps 177. 1 kbps 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Ir. DA (Infrared Data Association) ・ Use Infrared ray (IR). ・ Used for mobile game. Transmission speed 30 cm 1 m SIR 115 kbps Ir. DA ver 1. 2 Ir. DA ver 1. 0 MIR 1 Mbps Ir. DA ver 1. 3 Ir. DA ver 1. 1 FIR 4 Mbps Ir. DA ver 1. 3 Ir. DA ver 1. 1 VFIR 16 Mbps UFIR 100 Mbps Ir. DA ver 1. 4 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Other communication style ・ Communications Satellite ⇒The wireless communication that use the microwave from artificial satellite ・ Power Line Communication (PLC) ⇒Technology to use a power line as telecommunication line. 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Repeater HUB ⇒ Reproduce and Relay signal. collision A B C 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) D
Function of Repeater HUB ・ Retiming function ⇒ The transmission signal comes under various influence of decrement, the distortion of the wave pattern, increase of the jitter in a cable during transmission. Repeater HUB has a function to restore the signal that It received to keep quality as the electrical signal in a transmission process and call it “Retiming function". ・ Preamble reproducing function ⇒ Continuation of 1 and 0 of 7 bytes to be called Preamble is added to the top of the communication frame that drifts to a cable, but there is the case that phenomena such as the bit loss occur for this preamble in a transmission process. We call a function to return this preamble to an original state “Preamble reproduction function". 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府)
Switching HUB ⇒ Repeater Hub + Bridge A B C 作成: 中村 遼 (大学院 情報科学府) D
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