Physical Features Gobi Desert Kunlun Mts Himalayan Mts

Physical Features Gobi Desert Kunlun Mts. Himalayan Mts. Huang He (Yellow) River Yangtze River

• Mountains & Deserts in the north & west & Pacific in the east isolated China from outsiders • Ethnocentrism-China was the center of the world • All foreigners were Barbarians • Lacked interest in foreign cultures

Founded by Confucius th 6 Century B. C. Texts – Analects/ writings of Confucius • Filial Piety Respect for elders • 5 relationships Father/son, Ruler/subject, husband/wife, older brother/ younger brother, friend/friend

Founded by Lao-tzu 3 rd century BC • Tao- “The Way” of the universe • Live in Harmony with nature • Balance between Ying & Yang • Rejected government

• Highly powerful government is the key to social order • Punishment for offenses should be severe

Siddartha Gautama 5 th Century BC • Eightfold Path, ethical behavior & good deeds (Meditation) • Ultimate goal is Nirvana

• Rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties • Mandate of Heaven- Rule by divine right.

• 210 BC-220 AD • Legalism/confucianism • Centralized government • Civil Service Exam

• 221 BC-210 BC • Legalism/ unified China • Shi Huangdi • Burned rival books/regulated coinage • Unified Great Wall of China

• 618 -907 AD • Revived Confucianism • Expanded Trade (Silk Road) connected china to the Middle East

• Ruled China from 1279 -1368 AD • Mongols- Invaders from the north • Led by Genghis Khan • China first experienced foreign rule under Kublai Khan • Opened China to foreign contacts (Marco Polo)

• Conflict between England & China over Opium Trade • Chinese easily defeated & forced to sign Treaty of Nanking • Gave Britain Island of Hong Kong & extraterritoriality • Right to live under own laws

• Sun Yixian establishes republic of China 1911 • 3 Principles Nationalism, Democracy, livelihood • Chiang Kai Shek takes over leadership of Kuomintang (Nationalists) 1925

Civil War between Nationalists & Communists Mao Zedong & Communist defeat Nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek (Taiwan)

Great Leap Forward- Program to increase industrial & Agricultural Output (Collectivization) Cultural Revolution- Renewal of Loyalty to Communism & purge China of non revolutionary forces

• Leaders after Mao are moderate • UN membership in 1971 • President Nixon visits China in 1972 • US Recognizes China in 1979

• Leader: Deng Xiaoping promoted foreign trade and contact with western World • 4 modernizations: Industry, Farming, Science & technology, Defense. • Eliminated communes

• Economic Reform: supported capitalist ideas but remained strongly Communist • Tiananmen Square- 1989 student uprising in May 1989 1000’s killed or wounded. 10, 000 arrested v. Human rights violations still a huge issue

Leader Jiang Zemin (1997 -today) • Economically open/ politically closed • Transfer of Hong Kong (1997) from British control • Agreed not to change Hong Kong’s political or economic system for 50 years